Fig. 3

Blockade of PD-1 aggravates liver pathology in RRV-induced model of biliary atresia. A Frequency of PD-1⁺ cells in CD4⁺ and CD8 + T cells from livers and spleen of control (n = 9) and BA mice (n = 7). Data were expressed as mean ± SEM. Significance was determined by Mann-Whitney U test; ****p < 0.0001. B Schematic diagram of anti-PD-1 antibody administration. C Jaundice-free rates of control (n = 5), BA mice (n = 8), anti-PD-1 treated BA mice (n = 13). Significance was determined by Log-rank test. D Survival rate of control (n = 5), BA mice (n = 8), anti-PD-1 treated BA mice (n = 13). Significance was determined by Log-rank test. E Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E, × 100) staining showing liver section from control, BA mice, anti-PD-1 treated BA mice. Yellow and black tangles indicate necrosis focus and lymphocytic cells, respectively. F Dot plots showing concentration of ALT and AST of control (n = 5), BA mice (n = 8), and anti-PD-1 treated BA mice (n = 13). Data were expressed as mean ± SEM. Significance was determined by Mann-Whitney U test; ****p < 0.0001, ***p < 0.001, **p < 0.01, *p < 0.05. G Dot plots showing concentrations of total bilirubin (TBIL) and direct bilirubin (DBIL) of control (n = 5), BA mice (n = 8), and anti-PD-1 treated BA mice (n = 13). Data were expressed as mean ± SEM. Significance was determined by Mann-Whitney U test; ****p < 0.0001, ***p < 0.001,**p < 0.01, *p < 0.05