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Table 5 Crude and adjusted odd ratios for BDs associated with air pollutants during different gestational periods

From: The association between ambient air pollution and birth defects in five major ethnic groups in Liuzhou, China

   

Crude

  

Adjusted

 
  

OR

95%CI

P

OR

95%CI

P

PM2.5

Before pregnancy

     
 

1st month

1.02

0.99–1.00

0.34

1.00

1.00–1.01

0.53

 

2nd month

0.93

0.89–0.98

0.76

1.05

0.96–1.15

0.27

 

3rd month

1.00

0.97–1.26

0.35

0.99

0.94–1.13

0.32

 

Pregnancy

      
 

1st month

1.00

0.99–1.03

0.46

1.07

0.96–1.15

0.26

 

2nd month

0.97

0.86–1.01

0.47

1.15

0.99–1.21

0.16

 

3rd month

0.83

0.75–0.98

0.91

1.05

0.98–1.16

0.27

PM10

Before pregnancy

     
 

1st month

1.00

0.99–1.07

0.84

1.01

0.98–1.05

0.78

 

2nd month

1.01

1.00–2.03

0.00

1.00

0.99–1.07

0.76

 

3rd month

1.31

1.04–3.21

0.00

1.12

1.03–2.01

0.22

 

Pregnancy

      
 

1st month

1.06

1.00–1.20

0.03

1.00

0.94–1.31

0.06

 

2nd month

1.73

1.60–2.00

0.01

1.14

1.12–2.43

0.02

 

3rd month

1.61

1.44–2.10

0.07

1.51

1.13–2.03

0.02

O3

Before pregnancy

     
 

1st month

0.93

0.87–0.99

0.00

0.94

0.89–1.03

0.62

 

2nd month

0.96

0.95–0.98

0.00

1.02

0.93–1.12

0.17

 

3rd month

0.98

0.97–1.18

0.00

0.96

0.88–1.06

0.45

 

Pregnancy

      
 

1st month

0.89

0.87–0.99

0.02

0.83

0.99–1.00

0.74

 

2nd month

0.99

0.96–1.07

0.00

1.00

0.99–1.05

0.84

 

3rd month

1.00

0.99–1.12

1.01

1.00

0.99–1.06

0.45

SO2

Before pregnancy

     
 

1st month

1.03

1.00–1.21

0.00

1.00

1.00–1.06

0.58

 

2nd month

3.01

2.01–4.07

0.00

1.31

1.19–3.22

0.04

 

3rd month

1.01

0.99–1.06

0.00

0.94

0.89–1.01

0.27

 

Pregnancy

      
 

1st month

1.00

0.94–1.06

0.01

1.01

1.00–1.06

0.16

 

2nd month

0.96

0.87–1.02

0.86

0.98

0.82–1.01

0.36

 

3rd month

1.99

1.99–3.98

0.00

1.75

1.02–3.07

0.02

NO2

Before pregnancy

     
 

1st month

1.00

0.92–1.01

0.53

1.00

0.89–1.03

0.55

 

2nd month

1.02

1.01–1.08

0.00

1.02

1.00–1.42-

0.13

 

3rd month

1.03

1.02–1.14

0.00

1.01

1.00–1.32

0.39

 

Pregnancy

      
 

1st month

1.00

0.99–1.21

0.94

1.01

1.00–1.07

0.14

 

2nd month

1.27

1.04–1.75

0.40

0.89

0.84–1.01

0.13

 

3rd month

1.99

1.39–2.03

0.03

0.91

0.88–1.11

0.72

CO

Before pregnancy

     
 

1st month ~

2.70

2.03–3.59

0.00

1.29

0.92–1.83

0.14

 

2nd month

5.35

3.67–7.80

0.00

1.42

0.93–2.17

0.10

 

3rd month

2.11

1.46–3.04

0.00

1.03

0.67–1.59

0.89

 

Pregnancy

      
 

1st month

1.90

1.47–2.47

0.00

1.24

0.90–1.71

0.19

 

2nd month

1.26

0.97–1.63

0.08

1.36

1.14–2.48

0.03

 

3rd month

0.92

0.70–1.21

0.55

1.75

1.02–3.61

0.02

  1. Abbreviations: OR odd ratio, CI confidence interval. Models were adjusted for maternal age, maternal education, birth weight, infant gender, total previous live births, residence and other air pollutants within the same exposure period
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