Skip to main content

Table 4 Risk for wasting, underweight, overweight, and obesity across participant tertiles of total choline, total betaine, and total choline and betaine intake in six-year-old Iranian girls (n = 788)

From: The association of dietary choline and betaine and anthropometric measurements among Iranian children: a cross-sectional study

Outcomes

Free Choline

Glycero-phospho-choline

Phospho-choline

Phosphatidyl-choline

T1

T2

T3

†P

T1

T2

T3

†P

T1

T2

T3

†P

T1

T2

T3

†P

Obesity (BMI for age z-score ≥ + 2 SD)

 Case/control

9/253

7/256

7/256

–

4/258

12/252

7/255

–

7/255

9/254

7/256

–

11/251

6/257

6/257

–

 Crude

1

0.77 (0.28–2.10)

0.77 (0.28–2.10)

0.790

1

3.07 (0.98–9.65)

1.77 (0.51–6.12)

0.483

1

1.29 (0.47–3.52)

1.00 (0.34–2.88)

0.994

1

0.53 (0.19–1.46)

0.53 (0.19–1.46)

0.196

 Model 1

1

0.77 (0.28–2.10)

0.77 (0.28–2.11)

0.768

1

3.32 (1.05–10.48)

1.80 (0.52–6.23)

0.422

1

1.36 (0.50–3.72)

1.00 (0.34–2.89)

0.998

1

0.54 (0.20–1.47

0.53 (0.19–1.46)

0.197

 Model 2

1

0.74 (0.27–2.03)

0.75 (0.28–2.07)

0.815

1

3.11 (0.98–9.87)

1.69 (0.49–5.90)

0.489

1

1.40 (0.51–3.83)

0.96 (0.33–2.80)

0.942

1

0.56 (0.20–1.55)

0.55 (0.20–1.53)

0.228

 Model 3

1

0.76 (0.28–2.09)

0.81 (0.29–2.29)

0.912

1

3.16 (1.00–10.06)

1.79 (0.51–6.27)

0.429

1

1.43 (0.52–3.96)

1.03 (0.35–3.07)

0.950

1

0.57 (0.21–1.58)

0.58 (0.20–1.65)

0.271

Overweight and obesity (BMI for age z score ≥ + 1 SD)

 Case/control

82/180

91/172

84/179

–

80/182

93/171

84/178

–

83/179

88/175

86/177

–

77/185

89/174

91/172

–

 Crude

1

1.16 (0.81–1.67)

1.03 (0.71–1.49)

0.534

1

1.24 (0.86–1.78)

1.07 (0.74–1.55)

0.709

1

1.08 (0.75–1.56)

1.05 (0.73–1.51)

0.803

1

1.23 (0.85–1.78)

1.27 (0.88–1.84)

0.203

 Model 1

1

1.17 (0.81–1.68)

1.02 (0.71–1.48)

0.553

1

1.25 (0.86–1.80)

1.06 (0.73–1.54)

0.751

1

1.09 (0.76–1.58)

1.04 (0.72–1.50)

0.831

1

1.24 (0.86–1.79)

1.27 (0.88–1.83)

0.209

 Model 2

1

1.17 (0.81–1.68)

1.02 (0.71–1.48)

0.553

1

1.24 (0.86–1.79)

1.06 (0.73–1.53)

0.779

1

1.09 (0.76–1.58)

1.03 (0.72–1.49)

0.860

1

1.25 (0.86–1.81)

1.27 (0.88–1.84)

0.205

 Model 3

1

1.13 (0.79–1.64)

0.97 (0.67–1.41)

0.700

1

1.23 (0.85–1.77)

1.03 (0.71–1.49)

0.888

1

1.08 (0.75–1.56)

0.99 (0.68–1.44)

0.965

1

1.23 (0.85–1.78)

1.22 (0.84–1.78)

0.306

Underweight and wasting (BMI for age z-score < −1 SD)

 Case/control

34/228

35/228

36/227

–

33/229

31/233

41/221

–

35/227

34/229

36/227

–

36/226

33/230

36/227

–

 Crude

1

1.03 (0.62–1.71)

1.06 (0.64–1.76)

0.986

1

0.92 (0.55–1.56)

1.29 (0.79–2.11)

0.304

1

0.96 (0.58–1.60)

1.03 (0.62–1.70)

0.911

1

0.90 (0.54–1.50)

1.00 (0.61–1.64)

0.986

 Model 1

1

1.01 (0.61–1.68)

1.08 (0.65–1.80)

0.953

1

0.90 (0.53–1.52)

1.33 (0.81–2.19)

0.247

1

0.92 (0.55–1.54)

1.05 (0.63–1.73)

0.853

1

0.88 (0.53–1.47)

1.01 (0.61–1.66)

0.972

 Model 2

1

1.01 (0.61–1.69)

1.09 (0.66–1.82)

0.917

1

0.90 (0.53–1.53)

1.35 (0.82–2.21)

0.235

1

0.93 (0.56–1.55)

1.06 (0.64–1.75)

0.824

1

0.88 (0.53–1.47)

1.02 (0.62–1.69)

0.993

 Model 3

1

1.02 (0.61–1.71)

1.12 (0.67–1.87)

0.872

1

0.91 (0.53–1.54)

1.36 (0.82–2.24)

0.220

1

0.93 (0.56–1.56)

1.08 (0.64–1.79)

0.779

1

0.89 (0.53–1.49)

1.04 (0.63–1.73)

0.875

Wasting (BMI for age z score < −2 SD)

 Case/control

8/254

6/257

6/257

–

8/254

2/262

10/252

–

8/262

3/260

9/263

–

9/253

4/259

7/256

–

 Crude

1

0.74 (0.25–2.17)

0.74 (0.25–2.17)

0.776

1

0.24 (0.05–1.15)

1.26 (0.49–3.24)

0.168

1

0.37 (0.10–1.40)

1.13 (0.43–2.96)

0.787

1

0.43 (0.13–1.43)

0.77 (0.28–2.10)

0.575

 Model 1

1

0.74 (0.25–2.17)

0.72 (0.25–2.12)

0.729

1

0.25 (0.05–1.21)

1.22 (0.47–3.16)

0.159

1

0.38 (0.10–1.47)

1.09 (0.41–2.89)

0.835

1

0.44 (0.13–1.46)

0.76 (0.28–2.07)

0.558

 Model 2

1

0.75 (0.26–2.20)

0.73 (0.25–2.15)

0.754

1

0.26 (0.06–1.23)

1.25 (0.48–3.23)

0.171

1

0.39 (0.10–1.48)

1.12 (0.42–2.97)

0.803

1

0.44 (0.13–1.47)

0.77 (0.28–2.11)

0.581

 Model 3

1

0.82 (0.28–2.43)

0.87 (0.29–2.62)

0.981

1

0.26 (0.06–1.25)

1.41 (0.54–3.68)

0.281

1

0.41 (0.11–1.58)

1.34 (0.49–3.61)

0.578

1

0.46 (0.14–1.55)

0.93 (0.33–2.63)

0.832

 Outcomes

Total choline

Betaine

Total choline and betaine

 

T1

T2

T3

†P

T1

T2

T3

†P

T1

T2

T3

†P

Obesity (BMI for age z-score ≥ + 2 SD)

 Case/control

8/254

8/255

7/256

–

6/256

10/253

7/256

–

10/252

6/257

7/256

–

 Crude

1

1.00 (0.37–2.70)

0.74 (0.25–2.17)

0.124

1

1.69 (0.60–4.71)

0.62 (0.2–1.91)

0.801

1

0.59 (0.21–1.64)

0.69 (0.26–1.84)

0.434

 Model 1

1

0.99 (0.37–2.68)

0.86 (0.31–2.40)

0.152

1

1.62 (0.57–4.58)

1.17 (0.38–3.57)

0.804

1

0.61 (0.22–1.70)

0.69 (0.26–1.85)

0.442

 Model 2

1

1.02 (0.37–2.76)

0.88 (0.31–2.49)

0.180

1

1.68 (0.59–4.74)

1.19 (0.39–3.64)

0.777

1

0.62 (0.22–1.74)

0.73 (0.27–1.95)

0.449

 Model 3

1

1.04 (0.38–2.83)

0.94 (0.33–2.71)

0.216

1

1.77 (0.62–5.05)

1.30 (0.42–4.09)

0.663

1

0.64 (0.23–1.80)

0.77 (0.28–2.13)

0.581

Overweight and obesity (BMI for age z score ≥ + 1 SD)

 Case/control

81/181

88/175

88/175

–

73/189

85/178

99/164

–

83/179

87/176

87/176

–

 

 Crude

1

1.12 (0.78–1.62)

1.12 (0.78–1.62)

0.514

1

1.24 (0.85–1.80)

1.56 (1.08–2.26)

0.017

1

1.07 (0.74–1.54)

 

0.732

 

 Model 1

1

1.13 (0.78–1.63)

1.12 (0.78–1.61)

0.520

1

1.23 (0.84–1.79)

1.55 (1.07–2.25)

0.020

1

1.07 (0.74–1.54)

1.06 (0.73–1.53)

0.759

 Model 2

1

1.14 (0.79–1.64)

1.12 (0.77–1.62)

0.502

1

1.23 (0.85–1.80)

1.55 (1.07–2.24)

0.021

1

1.07 (0.74–1.55)

1.06 (0.73–1.53)

0.763

 Model 3

1

1.12 (0.77–1.61)

1.08 (0.74–1.56)

0.720

1

1.21 (0.82–1.76)

1.49 (1.02–2.18)

0.038

1

1.05 (0.73–1.52)

1.01 (0.69–1.47)

0.961

Underweight and wasting (BMI for age z-score < −1 SD)

 Case/control

36/226

33/230

36/227

–

37/225

36/227

32/231

–

36/226

31/232

38/225

–

 

 Crude

1

0.90 (0.54–1.50)

1.00 (0.61–1.64)

0.797

1

0.96 (0.59–1.58)

0.84 (0.51–1.40)

0.510

1

0.84 (0.50–1.40)

1.1 (0.67–1.8)

0.811

 

 Model 1

1

0.89 (0.53–1.38)

1.02 (0.62–1.68)

0.798

1

1.00 (0.61–1.65)

0.87 (0.52–1.45)

0.589

1

0.82 (0.49–1.38)

1.08 (0.66–1.77)

0.757

 Model 2

1

0.89 (0.53–1.48)

1.03 (0.62–1.70)

0.783

1

1.00 (0.61–1.65)

0.88 (0.53–1.47)

0.629

1

0.83 (0.50–1.39)

1.1 (0.67–1.81)

0.706

 Model 3

1

0.89 (0.54–1.49)

1.04 (0.63–1.73)

0.705

1

1.01 (0.61–1.68)

0.90 (0.53–1.51)

0.681

1

0.84 (0.50–1.41)

1.13 (0.68–1.87)

0.650

Wasting (BMI for age z score < −2 SD)

 Case/control

8/254

5/258

7/256

–

7/255

7/256

6/257

–

8/254

5/258

7/256

–

 Crude

1

0.62 (0.20–1.91)

0.87 (0.31–2.43)

0.781

1

1.00 (0.34–2.88)

0.85 (0.28–2.57)

0.776

1

0.62 (0.20–1.91)

0.87 (0.31–2.43)

0.776

 Model 1

1

0.61 (0.20–1.90)

0.87 (0.31–2.44)

0.788

1

0.91 (0.31–2.67)

0.80 (0.26–2.44)

0.692

1

0.63 (0.20–1.94)

0.85 (0.30–2.38)

0.743

 Model 2

1

0.61 (0.20–1.91)

0.85 (0.30–2.40)

0.802

1

0.91 (0.31–2.69)

0.82 (0.27–2.50)

0.722

1

0.64 (0.20–1.99)

0.87 (0.31–2.45)

0.778

 Model 3

1

0.65 (0.21–2.03)

1.00 (0.35–2.89)

0.845

1

1.04 (0.35–3.07)

1.00 (0.32–3.14)

0.998

1

0.68 (0.22–2.15)

1.05 (0.36–3.03)

0.958

  1. Data presented as odds ratio and 95% confidence interval
  2. BMI body mass index; SD standard deviation; T tertile
  3. Crude: Not adjusted for any variables
  4. Model 1: The model was adjusted for participants energy intake, physical activity, and SES
  5. Model 2: The model was adjusted for participants energy intake, physical activity, SES, maternal age, BMI, and physical activity
  6. Model 3: The model was adjusted for participants energy intake, physical activity, SES, maternal age, BMI, physical activity, and HEI2015
  7. † P values are Calculated using multivariable binary logistic regression
  8. P < 0.05 considered statistically significant
Back to article page

BMC Pediatrics

ISSN: 1471-2431

Contact us