Skip to main content

Table 4 Logistic Regression of Problem Outcomes at 4.5 Years of Age on Trajectories of Cumulative Risk Exposure in Early Development

From: Patterns of risk exposure in first 1,000 days of life and health, behavior, and education-related problems at age 4.5: evidence from Growing Up in New Zealand, a longitudinal cohort study

 

Health Domain

Behavior Domain

Education-related Domain

Developmental Trajectories of CR

OHS ≤ Good

Obesity

Injuries ≥ 2

Internalizing Problems

Clinical Level

Externalizing Problems

Clinical Level

Letter Naming

Low Score

Counting Forward

Low Score

Counting Backward

Low Score

Starting School

Concerns High

Educational Completion Expectation Low

#

Antenatal

CR

9 months

CR

2 years

CR

n

(%)

%

ORa

(95% CI)

%

OR a

(95% CI)

%

OR a

(95% CI)

%

ORa

(95% CI)

%

ORa

(95% CI)

%

ORa

(95% CI)

%

ORa

(95% CI)

%

ORa

(95% CI)

%

ORa

(95% CI)

%

ORa

(95% CI)

9

High

High

High

422 (7)

35.6

2.62

1.87,3.67)

27.7

4.33

(3.27,5.73)

11.0

1.21

(0.83,1.77)

30.6

11.97

(6.22,23.04)

27.2

6.19

(4.37,8.77)

60.4

5.76

(4.16,7.96)

44.5

5.66

(4.50,7.10)

41.0

2.80

(2.05,3.84)

24.9

3.71

(2.16,6.37)

24.9

3.33

(1.64,3.30)

8

Medium

or Zero

High

High

229 (4)

26.6

3.48

(2.41,5.02

28.7

4.51

(2.99,6.80)

8.3

0.90

(0.49,1.65)

26.7

9.96

(5.57,17.80)

25.7

5.77

(3.94,8.46)

51.4

4.06

(2.53,6.50)

33.3

3.55

(2.59,4.87)

38.4

2.55

(1.58,4.11)

17.7

2.44

(1.59,3.75)

17.7

1.53

(0.81,2.90)

7

High

Medium or Zero

High

102 (2)

12.9

1.40

(0.67,2.93)

28.3

4.63

(2.08,10.27)

8.8

0.96

(0.43,2.16)

22.7

8.19

(2.06.32.48)

20.9

4.55

(2.24,9.24)

50.4

3.92

(2.37,6.48)

34.8

2.23

(1.51,3.29)

38.9

2.58

1.37,4.84)

18.4

2.61

(0.86,7.75)

18.4

2.69

(1.16,6.26)

6

High

High

Medium or Zero

99 (2)

17.2

1.99

(1.04,3.80)

26.3

4.02

(2.28,7.09)

6.5

0.68

(0.30,1.59)

23.8

8.36

(2.66,26.35)

16.0

3.16

(1.48,6.73)

57.0

5.05

(3.01,8.47)

44.2

6.28

(4.19,9.41)

47.7

3.63

(2.02,6.55)

21.4

3.04

(1.65,5.60)

21.4

2.34

(1.24,4.41)

5

High

Medium or Zero

Medium or Zero

149 (2)

17.2

1.99

(1.25,3.18)

20.3

4.91

(3.24,7.45)

9.7

1.05

(0.59,1.90)

18.2

5.98

(2.73,13.13

19.7

4.03

(2.46,6.73)

48.1

3.50

(2.38,5.14)

43.0

4.60

(3.17,6.66)

38.6

2.53

(1.75,3.66)

16.7

2.24

(1.35,3.72)

16.7

1.89

(1.11,3.22)

4

Medium

or Zero

High

Medium or Zero

112 (2)

8.1

1.83

(0.89,3.74)

18.5

2.54

(1.36,4.73)

10.9

1.20

(0.64,2.24)

17.5

5.72

(2.70,12.13)

17.6

3.55

(2.04,6.20)

50.1

3.78

(2.37,6.02)

39.4

4.22

(2.82,6.31)

44.6

3.24

(1.70,6.19)

18.9

2.60

(1.42,4.78)

18.9

2.46

(1.30,4.65)

3

Medium

or Zero

Medium or Zero

High

161 (3)

22.3

2.79

(1.66,4.68)

23.0

3.35

(2.15,5.21)

9.3

1.00

(0.56,1.77)

13.3

4.07

(2.03,8.16)

17.4

3.56

(1.71,7.43)

50.5

3.87

(2.67,5.62)

26.7

2.09

(1.39,3.15)

38.8

2.57

(1.75,3.77)

12.8

1.62

(0.94,2.81)

16.7

2.16

(1.24,3.75)

2b

Medium

or Zero

Medium or Zero

Medium or Zero

2979 (48)

14.9

1.67

(1.38,2.03)

14.5

1.90

(1.52,2.40)

9.0

0.97

(0.79,1.19)

9.3

2.76

(1.56,4.88)

11.0

2.04

(1.60,2.60)

29.8

1.60

(1.37,1.87)

20.1

1.62

(1.38,1.90)

26.3

1.43

(1.21,1.71)

12.1

1.53

(1.19,1.99)

11.5

1.37

(1.10,1.70)

1

Zero

Zero

Zero

1829 (30)

9.5

REF

 

8.2

REF

 

9.9

REF

 

3.6

REF

 

5.7

REF

 

21.1

REF

 

14.1

REF

 

19.9

REF

 

8.2

REF

 

8.6

REF

 
 

Total sample

6156

14.3

  

15.2

  

9.2

  

10.6

  

11.8

  

32.3

  

22.2

  

27.4

  

11.7

  

12.5

  
  1. All analysis on multiple imputed data. CR cumulative risk, OHS Overall health status, BMI Body Mass Index, CI confidence interval; High = CR ≥ 4; Medium = 1 ≤ CR ≤ 3; Zero = CR = 0; REF = reference category
  2. abold indicates significant OR at p < .001 and italics indicate significant OR at p = .05 when compared with consistent Zero CR (#1) exposure trajectory
  3. bThis trajectory includes those with Medium or Zero CR exposure at each assessment but excludes those who consistently had CR = 0 exposure across all 3 assessments, who were instead classified as the #1 trajectory
Back to article page

BMC Pediatrics

ISSN: 1471-2431

Contact us