Table 1 Definition and Prevalence of Risk Factors and Cumulative Risk Exposure and Categories

Maternal depression

EPDS ≥13, indicating likely depression

12

8

N/A

Maternal low health

Self-rated health = “fair” or “poor”

9

9

N/A

Maternal smoking

Smoke “regularly/every day”

10

13

13

Maternal young age

Age ≤ 19 at pregnancy

4

4

4

Maternal single status

No current partner

9

8

10

Maternal low education

No formal secondary school qualification

6

6

N/A

Maternal financial stress

Reporting “highly stressful” money problems

17

14

17

Maternal unemployment

Not on leave, actively seeking work, but not employed

7

6

7

Income tested benefit

Receiving income tested government benefit

14

17

16

Public housing residence

Residing in public/social housing

6

6

6

Overcrowded residence

≥ 2 persons per bedroom

12

20

19

Neighborhood deprivation

Residing in NZ Deprivation (2006) area deciles 9 or 10

25

24

24

 0

46

43

41

 1

23

24

24

 2

12

12

13

 3

7

8

8

 4

4

5

7

 5

3

2

3

 6

2

2

2

  ≥ 7

2

1

< 1

 Zero

0 risk factors

46

43

41

 Medium

1–3 risk factors

42

44

45

 High

≥ 4 risk factors

11

12

13