Risk factor | Definition | % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Antenatal | 9 months | 2 years | ||
Maternal depression | EPDS ≥13, indicating likely depression | 12 | 8 | N/A |
Maternal low health | Self-rated health = “fair” or “poor” | 9 | 9 | N/A |
Maternal smoking | Smoke “regularly/every day” | 10 | 13 | 13 |
Maternal young age | Age ≤ 19 at pregnancy | 4 | 4 | 4 |
Maternal single status | No current partner | 9 | 8 | 10 |
Maternal low education | No formal secondary school qualification | 6 | 6 | N/A |
Maternal financial stress | Reporting “highly stressful” money problems | 17 | 14 | 17 |
Maternal unemployment | Not on leave, actively seeking work, but not employed | 7 | 6 | 7 |
Income tested benefit | Receiving income tested government benefit | 14 | 17 | 16 |
Public housing residence | Residing in public/social housing | 6 | 6 | 6 |
Overcrowded residence | ≥ 2 persons per bedroom | 12 | 20 | 19 |
Neighborhood deprivation | Residing in NZ Deprivation (2006) area deciles 9 or 10 | 25 | 24 | 24 |
Cumulative risk exposure | ||||
0 | 46 | 43 | 41 | |
1 | 23 | 24 | 24 | |
2 | 12 | 12 | 13 | |
3 | 7 | 8 | 8 | |
4 | 4 | 5 | 7 | |
5 | 3 | 2 | 3 | |
6 | 2 | 2 | 2 | |
≥ 7 | 2 | 1 | < 1 | |
Cumulative risk category | ||||
Zero | 0 risk factors | 46 | 43 | 41 |
Medium | 1–3 risk factors | 42 | 44 | 45 |
High | ≥ 4 risk factors | 11 | 12 | 13 |