Trajectories of child cognitive development during ages 0–3 in rural Western China: prevalence, risk factors and links to preschool-age cognition

Table 4 Ordinary Least Squares estimates of the association between cognitive score at preschool age and trajectory of child cognitive development from infancy to toddlerhood (N = 1245)

Development	Standardized FSIQ scores (at preschool age)
Development	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)
Never delayed (1 = never, 0 = otherwise)	0.50*** (0.06)
Persistently delayed (1 = persistently, 0 = otherwise)		−0.53*** (0.09)
Improving (1 = improving, 0 = otherwise)			0.55*** (0.11)
Deteriorating (1 = deteriorating, 0 = otherwise)				−0.41*** (0.05)
Control variables	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
County fixed effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Time fixed effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
R-squared	0.22	0.20	0.19	0.21

Models estimated in this table are defined in Eq. (1) in the manuscript. “Never delayed” includes all young children whose scores on the Bayley Scale of Infant Development (BSID) of the Mental Development (MDI) in infancy and toddlerhood never fell below − 1 standard deviation (SD). “Persistently delayed” includes all young children whose scores on the MDI scales in infancy and toddlerhood never rose above − 1 SD. “Improving” includes all young children whose scores on the MDI scales fell below − 1 SD in infancy and then rose above − 1 SD in toddlerhood. “Deteriorating” includes all young children whose scores on the MDI scales were above − 1 SD in infancy and then fell below − 1 SD in toddlerhood. Control variables include the child’s age and gender, whether the child has siblings, whether the mother is the primary caregiver, whether the mother is more than 25 years old, whether the mother has attained 12 or more years of education, and the family asset index. We also control for baseline Bayley MDI scores, time and county fixed effect. Each column is a separate regression. Data source is authors’ survey
***p < .01

ISSN: 1471-2431