Family meal participation is associated with dietary intake among 12-month-olds in Southern Norway

Hillesund, Elisabet R.; Sagedal, Linda R.; Bere, Elling; Øverby, Nina C.

doi:10.1186/s12887-021-02591-6

BMC Pediatrics

Table 2 Differences in frequency of intake of food and drink items (times/day) according to eating the respective meals with family seldom vs. often^a. Crude and adjusted^b regression coefficients (β) with 95% CI

From: Family meal participation is associated with dietary intake among 12-month-olds in Southern Norway

	Breakfast with family often n = 297 (73.7%)				Lunch with family often n = 186 (53.3%)				Dinner with family often n = 302 (74.4%)				Between-meal snacks with family often n = 102 (26.9%)				Supper with family often n = 155 (38.7%)
	Crude difference		Adjusted difference		Crude difference		Adjusted difference		Crude difference		Adjusted difference		Crude difference		Adjusted difference		Crude difference		Adjusted difference
	β	95% CI	β	95% CI	β	95% CI	β	95% CI	β	95% CI	β	95% CI	β	95% CI	β	95% CI	β	95% CI	β	95% CI
Fruits	0.001	−0.288, 0.290	0.011	− 0.280, 0.301	0.067	− 0.190, 0.324	0.064	− 0.195, 0.322	− 0.125	− 0.414, 0.165	− 0.139	− 0.431, 0.152	0.117	−0.184, 0.417	0.111	−0.191, 0.413	−0.046	− 0.310, 0.217	−0.44	− 0.309, 0.221
Vegetables	0.249	− 0.032, 0.530	0.255	− 0.029, 0.538	0.206	− 0.045, 0.456	0.205	− 0.048, 0.457	0.304	0.023, 0.585	0.300	0.016, 0.584	0.404	0.110, 0.697	0.408	0.112, 0.702	0.214	−0.042, 0.471	0.226	−0.032, 0.484
Fruits and vegetables	0.250	−0.231, 0.732	0.265	−0.219, 0.750	0.273	−0.156, 0.702	0.268	−0.163, 0.700	0.179	−0.304, 0.662	0.160	−0.327, 0.648	0.520	0.018, 1.023	0.519	0.014, 1.024	0.168	−0.272, 0.608	0.182	−0.260, 0.624
Homemade dinners	−0.004	− 0.187, 0.179	− 0.011	− 0.195, 0.173	0.138	−0.025, 0.301	0.129	− 0.034, 0.293	0.177	−0.005, 0.360	0.179	−0.005, 0.363	0.117	− 0.076, 0.309	0.108	− 0.086, 0.301	0.092	−0.075, 0.258	0.096	−0.072, 0.263
Commercial dinners	−0.104	− 0.306, 0.99	− 0.094	−0.299, 0.110	− 0.093	− 0.274, 0.087	− 0.089	−0.270, 0.093	− 0.235	− 0.437, − 0.033	−0.249	− 0.453, − 0.045	−0.100	−0.308, 0.109	− 0.103	− 0.314, 0.107	− 0.041	− 0.226, 0.144	− 0.052	−0.238, 0.134
Homemade baby cereal	− 0.082	− 0.240, 0.077	−0.082	− 0.241, 0.077	0.152	0.013, 0.292	0.154	0.014, 0.295	0.205	0.048, 0.363	0.197	0.036, 0.356	−0.118	− 0.284, 0.047	− 0.123	−0.289, 0.043	− 0.095	−0.239, 0.048	− 0.088	− 0.232, 0.056
Commercial baby cereal	−0.457	− 0.701, − 0.212	− 0.447	− 0.689, − 0.204	− 0.287	− 0.507, − 0.067	−0.286	− 0.504, − 0.069	−0.532	− 0.777, − 0.288	−0.550	− 0.792, − 0.308	− 0.334	−0.590, − 0.078	−0.313	− 0.566, − 0.059	−0.302	− 0.526, − 0.078	−0.276	− 0.498, − 0.053
Drinking water	0.516	0.182, 0.849	0.492	0.159, 0.825	0.523	0.229, 0.818	0.514	0.219, 0.808	0.590	0.257, 0.923	0.579	0.245, 0.912	− 0.033	− 0.317, 0.382	0.043	− 0.307, 0.393	0.064	− 0.242, 0.370	0.094	− 0.212, 0.400
Milk	0.170	− 0.83, 0.423	0.169	−0.086, 0.424	0.019	−0.204, 0.242	0.029	−0.195, 0.253	0.311	0.059, 0.564	0.304	0.050, 0.559	0.166	−0.094, 0.427	0.148	−0.113, 0.409	0.191	−0.043, 0.425	0.181	−0.053, 0.416
Sweetened beverages	−0.207	− 0.460, 0.047	− 0.207	− 0.461, 0.047	− 0.121	− 0.357, 0.095	− 0.130	− 0.356, 0.097	− 0.192	−0.446, 0.062	− 0.198	−0.454, 0.057	−0.179	−0.441, 0.803	− 0.185	−0.449, 0.079	0.041	−0.271, 0.188	0.039	−0.271, 0.192
Desserts and cakes	0.111	0.007, 0.216	0.111	0.007, 0.215	0.056	−0.038, 0.150	0.059	−0.034, 0.153	0.101	−0.004, 0.206	0.105	0.000, 0.210	0.031	−0.075, 0.137	0.027	−0.080, 0.133	0.038	−0.057, 0.134	0.026	−0.069, 0.122

Significant results are bolded
^a Family meals ‘often’ defined as 4–7 days per week, and ‘seldom’ as 0–3 days per week
^b Associations adjusted for randomization status, maternal education, and child sex

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