Table 3 Multivariate analysis of potential risk factors for the suspected toxic syndrome
From: Suspected paracetamol overdose in Monrovia, Liberia: a matched case–control study
Cases (N = 30) | Hospital Controls (N = 53) | p-value | Community Controls (N = 48) | p-value | Pooled Controls (N = 101) | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
n(%) | n(%) | OR (95% CI) | aORa (95%CI) | n(%) | OR(95% CI) | aOR* (95%CI) | n(%) | OR (95% CI) | aORa (95%CI) | p-value | |||
Paracetamol (total) | 26(87) | 28(53) | 46(96) | 74(73) | |||||||||
Paracetamol supratherapeutic dose | 9(30) | 5(9) | 3.8 (1.1–12.4) | 3.7 (1.0–13.1) | 0.046 | 2(4) | 13.6 (1.7–110.1) | 13.6 (1.7–110.1) | 0.014 | 7(7) | 5.6 (1.9–16.9) | 6.6 (2.1–21.3) | 0.001 |
Antibiotics | 16(53) | 16(30) | 42(88) | 58(57) | |||||||||
Co-trimoxazole | 7(23) | 3(6) | 4.4 (1.0–17.1) | 4.3 (1.0–18.6) | 0.048 | 17(35) | 0.6 (0.2–2.0) | 20(20) | 1.3 (0.5–3.3) | ||||
Erythromycin | 2(7) | 0(0) | 4(8) | 0.9 (0.2–4.9) | 4(4) | 1.9 (0.3–10.4) | |||||||
Anti-malaria Medication | 11(37) | 12(23) | 36(75) | – | 48(48) | ||||||||
Antimalarial drugs supratherapeutic doses | 1(3) | 0(0) | 6(13) | 0.3 (0.4–2.8) | 6(6) | 0.6 (0.1–5.3) | |||||||
Traditional Medicine | 20(67) | 18(34) | 22(46) | 40(40) | |||||||||
“Tonton” Leaf | 4(13) | 4(8) | 1.7 (0.4–6.8) | 5(10) | 1.4 (0.3–5.9) | 9(9) | 1.4 (0.4–5.3) | ||||||
“Monkey Apple” Leaf | 3(10) | 0(0) | 4(8) | 1.4 (0.3–6.1) | 4(4) | 2.4 (0.5–10.8) | 3.4 (0.7–17.3) | 0.148 | |||||
“Wild Wild” Leaf | 2(7) | 3(6) | 1.2 (0.2–7.0) | 2(4) | 2.0 (0.3–14.1) | 5(5) | 1.4(0.3–7.5) | ||||||
Pre-prepared traditional treatments | 3(10) | 1(2) | 5.2 (0.5–50.4) | 10.9 (0.7–160.9) | 0.081 | 0(0) | 1(1) | 11.2 (1.2–108.1) | |||||
“Lynch Street” Medicine | 1(3) | 2(4) | 1 (0.0–11.0) | 2(4) | 0.6 (0.1–7.0) | 4(4) | 0.9 (0.1–8.0) | ||||||
Almond Bark | 0(0) | 0(0) | 4(8) | – | 4(4) | ||||||||
Other traditional treatments | 7(23) | 10(19) | 1.4 (0.5–4.6) | 10(21) | 0.9 (0.3–3.0) | 20(20) | 1.3 (0.5–3.5) | ||||||