Table 3 Factors associated with “at-risk” developmental status compared to an internationally-normed standard
Variable | Unadjusted odds ratio (95% CI) | P value | Final model, Adjusted odds ratios (95%C) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
n = 431 unless otherwise stated | ||||
Child-level measures | ||||
Female sex | 0 .91 (0.61, 1.34) | 0.63 | ||
Moderate to severe stunting (n = 393) | 1.36 (0.85, 2.19) | 0.20 | ||
Moderate to severe wasting (n = 398) | 1. 37 (0.48, 3.91) | 0.52 | ||
Moderate to severe underweight (n = 399) | 1.16 (0.72, 1.88) | 0.52 | ||
Mother’s age < 20 years at time of birth | 1.16 (0.47, 2.86) | 0.75 | ||
Mother’s education, none vs. any | 0.91 (0.61, 1.36) | 0.67 | ||
Child was left for more than 1 h with another < 10 child as caregiver (n = 429)a | 0.48 (0.30, 0.76) | 0.002 | ||
Child was ill or injured in last 4 weeks | 0.80 (0.51, 1.26) | 0.33 | ||
Household-level measures | ||||
Poorest (lowest 2 weath quintiles)a | 1.52 (1.03, 2.25) | 0.03 | ||
More than one child under age 5 in household | 1.13 (0.69, 1.82) | 0.63 | ||
Father does not live in the household | 1.41 (0.60, 3.33) | 0.43 | ||
Stimulation measures | ||||
Adult engagement (received 4 stimulating activities)a | 0.56 (0.35, 0.87) | 0.014 | ||
Any children’s books in the home?a | 0.40 (0.13, 1.16) | 0.09 | ||
Does the child play with home made toys? | 0.81 (0.52, 1.28) | 0.37 | ||
Does the child play with toys from a shop/manufactured toys? | 0.82 (0.52, 1.26) | 0.36 | ||
Does the child play with household (cups, bowls) or outside found objects (sticks, rocks, leaves etc) | 0.65 (0.36, 1.17) | 0.15 | ||
In the past 3 days, did you or any household member age 15 or over engage in any of the following activities | ||||
Read to the child? (n = 430) | 0.55 (0.21, 1.44) | 0.23 | ||
Told stories to the child? (n = 430) | 1.14 (0.59, 2.19) | 0.7 | ||
Sang songs to or with the child (inc. lullabies)?a | 0.58 (0.37, 0.89) | 0.013 | ||
Took the child outside the home, compound or enclosure? | 1.09 (0.70, 1.70) | 0.7 | ||
Played with the child? | 0.49 (0.31, 0.76) | 0.002 | 0.54 (0.31, 0.94) | 0.029 |
Named, counted or drew things to or with the child? | 1.04 (0.65, 1.67) | 0.86 | ||
Greater number of stimulating activities by mother | 0.90 (0.75, 1.08) | 0.28 | ||
Greater number of stimulating activities by father | 1.35 (1.01, 1.81) | 0.04 | 1.50 (1.09, 2.07) | 0.012 |
Greater number of stimulating activities by other adult | 0.66 (0.56, 0.78) | < 0.001 | 0.76 (0.63, 0.94) | 0.010 |