Table 2 Descriptive statistics of the study population, children ages 3 and 4, in the IHOPE study, Ifanadiana Madagascar 2016. (n = 432)

 Male sex

212

49

  3

202

47.2

  4

228

52.8

  1

157

36.3

  2

215

49.8

  3

50

11.6

  4

8

1.8

  5

2

0.5

  Poorest

96

22.2

  Second-poorest

109

25.2

  Middle

105

24.3

  Second-richest

67

15.5

  Richest

55

12.7

  Height for age z

−2.04

1.3

  Weight for age z

−1.66

0.91

  Weight for height

−0.57

0.94

  15–19

23

5.3

  20–24

116

26.8

  25–34

169

39.1

  35–49

124

28.7

  Single, mother deceased

1

0.23

  Single, father deceased

15

3.6

  Single, father status unknown

10

2.3

  Double

0

  Not orphan

406

93.87

  No formal

162

37.5

  Primary

238

55.1

  Secondary or higher

32

7.4

 At-risk (ECDI scores in < 3/4)

173

40.1

 Mean ECDI score

5.13

1.54

 On track in physical domain

369

85.4

 On track in learning

374

86.5

 On track in social-emotional domain

357

82.6

 On track in literacy/numeracy domain

31

7.2

 Low development compared to peers (Z < 0.1)

68

15.8

 Mean ECDI score in low development

2.76

0.55

  The child was engaged in 4 or more stimulation activities with adults in last 3 days

76

17.6

  Mother engaged in 4 or more activities (n = 431)

9

2.1

  Father engaged in 4 or more activities (n = 431)

1

0.23

  Other, non-parental adult engaged in 4 or more activities (n = 431)

26

6.03

  Median number of activities

2

range 0–8

  Median number for mothers

1

range 0–5

  Mean number for fathers

0

range 0–4

  Mean number for other adults

0

range 0–6

  Number of children with no supporting activities

106

24.6