Table 1 The clinical characteristics of CHD children (including demographic characteristics, pre-operative color doppler echocardiography characteristics, the characteristic of surgery and cardiopulmonary bypass, and post-operative characteristics)

 Age (days)

Median (IQR)

206.5 (94,507.5)

350 (182, 950.5)

329 (173, 916)

 Gender

MALE

56.4%

55.0%

55.1%

FEMALE

43.6%

45.1%

44.9%

 BMI

<5th percentile

23.4%

19.0%

19.5%

5th~95th percentile

62.8%

66.7%

66.3%

>95th percentile

13.8%

14.3%

14.2%

 Aortic shunt

None

76.1%

90.4%

89.0%

Left-to-right

15.3%

7.7%

8.4%

Right-to-left

0.7%

0.03%

0.1%

Bi-directional

8.0%

1.9%

2.5%

 Atrial shunt

None

21.7%

36.5%

35.1%

Left-to-right

39.6%

47.8%

47.0%

Right-to-left

6.9%

2.7%

3.1%

Bi-directional

31.8%

13.0%

14.9%

 Ventricular level shunt

None

23.7%

28.6%

28.1%

Left-to-right

12.3%

40%

37.3%

Right-to-left

0.3%

0.1%

0.1%

Bi-directional

63.8%

31.3%

34.5%

 AI

Negative

80.0%

83.1%

82.8%

Minimal

13.6%

10.8%

11.0%

Mild

5.2%

5.2%

5.2%

Mild-to-moderate

0.3%

0.5%

0.4%

Moderate

0.4%

0.3%

0.3%

Moderate-to-severe

0.1%

0.1%

0.1%

Severe

0.5%

0.1%

0.1%

 MR

Negative

26.6%

22.6%

23.0%

Minimal

43.0%

49.0%

48.4%

Mild

18.5%

20.5%

20.3%

Mild-to-moderate

6.1%

4.5%

4.6%

Moderate

3.3%

2.3%

2.4%

Moderate-to-severe

1.7%

0.7%

0.8%

Severe

0.8%

0.4%

0.4%

 PI

Negative

16.3%

9.2%

9.9%

Minimal

53.1%

59.5%

58.9%

Mild

28.8%

29.6%

29.6%

Mild-to-moderate

0.7%

0.6%

0.6%

Moderate

1.1%

1.0%

1.0%

Moderate-to-severe

0%

0.03%

0.03%

Severe

0%

0.04%

0.04%

 TR

Negative

1.2%

0.4%

0.5%

Minimal

42.8%

47.4%

46.9%

Mild

40.3%

43.3%

43%

Mild-to-moderate

8.5%

5.6%

5.8%

Moderate

4.4%

2.4%

2.6%

Moderate-to-severe

2.0%

0.4%

0.6%

Severe

0.8%

0.5%

0.6%

 LVEF

< cut off value

56.3%

55.4%

55.5%

Normal

27.3%

28.7%

28.5%

> cut off value

16.5%

15.9%

16%

 LVFS

< cut off value

56.9%

54.2%

54.4%

Normal

27.5%

30.9%

30.6%

> cut off value

15.6%

14.9%

15.0%

 Mitral insufficiency

NO

92.0%

93.8%

93.6%

YES

8.0%

6.2%

6.4%

 Mitral Stenosis

NO

99.0%

99.4%

99.4%

YES

1.0%

0.6%

0.6%

 History of heart surgery

NO

84.6%

92.3%

91.5%

YES

15.4%

7.7%

8.5%

 RACHS-1 risk grade

1

6.0%

13.9%

13.1%

2

50.1%

62.8%

61.6%

3

32.4%

20.9%

22.1%

4

10.3%

2.2%

3.0%

5

1.2%

0.1%

0.2%

6

0%

0.1%

0.1%

 CPB duration (min)

Median (IQR)

87 (62,119)

51 (38,72)

53 (39,78)

 Aortic clamping time (min)

Median (IQR)

53 (37,74)

29 (20,44)

31 (21,48)

 Operation characteristics

Selective extracorporeal surgery

92.8%

98.6%

98%

Emergency non-extracorporeal surgery

0.1%

0.01%

0.02%

Emergency extracorporeal surgery

7.1%

1.2%

1.8%

Selective non-extracorporeal surgery

0%

0.1%

0.1%

Elective thoracotomy

0%

0.1%

0.1%

 Circulating temperature

Normal temperature

21.8%

53.1%

49.9%

Mild hypothermia

52.0%

38.7%

40.1%

Deep hypothermia

2.2%

0.6%

0.7%

Middle and low temperature

24.1%

7.6%

9.3%

 Circulation method

Low flow cycle

0.7%

0.1%

0.1%

Cerebral perfusion

5.3%

1.5%

1.9%

Parallel CPB

3.0%

3.4%

3.3%

Full flow

89.9%

94.6%

94.2%

Circulatory arrest

0.9%

0.4%

0.4%

Cerebrovascular perfusion

0.1%

0.1%

0.1%

 Difficult to wean from CPB

NO

99.7%

99.9%

99.9%

YES

0.4%

0.1%

0.1%

 Myocardial preservation

HTK

31.6%

8.9%

11.2%

Cold blood cardioplegia (4:1)

68.4%

91.1%

88.8%

 Residual shunt

NO

98.4%

99.6%

99.5%

YES

1.62%)

0.4%

0.5%

 LVOTO

NO

98.3%

99.5%

99.4%

YES

1.7%

0.5%

0.6%

 RVOTO

NO

98.4%

99.7%

99.6%

YES

1.6%

0.3%

0.4%

 Postoperative rhythm of the heart

III°AVB

1.2%

0.1%

0.2%

II°AVB

0.6%

0.2%

0.2%

Atrioventricular dissociation

0.2%

0.1%

0.1%

Supraventricular tachycardia

0.2%

0.1%

0.1%

Sinus rhythm

97.8%

99.5%

99.3%