Fig. 1

The patterns of the infant gut microbiota changed dynamically over time. a The GM clustered into 3 patterns. Each pie chart represents one GM pattern with the top 10 bacteria and others. GM Cluster 1 is Escherichia/Shigella-Streptococcus dominant and is coloured orange, Cluster 2 is Bifidobacterium-Escherichia/Shigella dominant and is coloured blue, and Cluster 3 is Bifidobacterium dominant and is coloured purple. b The dynamic change in GM patterns during the first half-year was different in four groups, including VD_B (vaginal delivery and breastfeeding), CS_B (caesarean section and breastfeeding), VD_F (vaginal delivery and formula feeding) and CS_F (caesarean section and formula feeding). The bar colour represents the GM pattern, and the bar length represents the proportion. The ribbon between bars indicates the changes in the GM pattern, where pink represents maintenance and yellow represents change. c Beta-diversity measured the difference in microbiota between CS and VD with age. Human milk (red colour) is better at restoring the infant gut microbiota than formula (blue colour)