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Table 4 Logistic regressions over content of nighttime meals and rapid weight gain during 0–3-4, 0–6 and 6–12 months

From: Nutrition- and feeding practice-related risk factors for rapid weight gain during the first year of life: a population-based birth cohort study

Risk factors

Model 1

Model 2

Model 3

n (total) = 1780

n in model

OR

95% CI

p

n in model

OR

95% CI

p

n in model

OR

95% CI

p

Time period 0–3-4 months

 Nighttime meals 3–4 months

  Breast milk

1713

   

1571

   

1349

   

   No

 

1

Ref

  

1

Ref

  

1

Ref

 

   Yes

 

0.66

0.53, 0.81

< 0.001

 

0.66

0.52, 0.82

< 0.001

 

0.64

0.50, 0.82

< 0.001

  Formula milk

1713

   

1571

   

1349

   

   No

 

1

Ref

  

1

Ref

  

1

Ref

 

   Yes

 

1.83

1.38, 2.42

< 0.001

 

1.86

1.38, 2.49

< 0.001

 

1.90

1.38, 2.61

< 0.001

  Water

1713

   

1571

   

1349

   

   No

 

1

Ref

  

1

Ref

  

1

Ref

 

   Yes

 

1.22

0.16, 9.45

0.849

 

1.08

0.14, 8.18

0.941

 

1.18

0.16, 8.94

0.873

Time period 0–6 months

 Nighttime meals 3–4 months

 Breast milk

1713

   

1571

   

1349

   

   No

 

1

Ref

  

1

Ref

  

1

Ref

 

   Yes

 

0.68

0.55, 0.84

< 0.001

 

0.67

0.54, 0.84

< 0.001

 

0.66

0.51, 0.84

0.001

  Formula milk

1713

   

1571

   

1349

   

   No

 

1

Ref

  

1

Ref

  

1

Ref

 

   Yes

 

1.68

1.28, 2.21

< 0.001

 

1.72

1.29, 2.29

< 0.001

 

1.83

1.33, 2.50

< 0.001

  Water

1713

   

1571

   

1349

   

   No

 

1

Ref

  

1

Ref

  

1

Ref

 

   Yes

 

1.23

0.16, 9.39

0.841

 

1.14

0.16, 8.36

0.898

 

1.18

0.16, 8.70

0.872

 Nighttime meals 6 months

  Breast milk

1711

   

1569

   

1350

   

   No

 

1

Ref

  

1

Ref

  

1

Ref

 

   Yes

 

0.67

0.55, 0.82

< 0.001

 

0.68

0.55, 0.84

< 0.001

 

0.66

0.52, 0.83

< 0.001

  MCD

1711

   

1569

   

1350

   

   No

 

1

Ref

  

1

Ref

  

1

Ref

 

   Yes

 

1.33

1.00, 1.78

0.054

 

1.21

0.88, 1.66

0.232

 

1.28

0.91, 1.79

0.158

  Water

1711

   

1569

   

1350

   

   No

 

1

Ref

  

1

Ref

  

1

Ref

 

   Yes

 

1.41

0.71, 2.83

0.327

 

1.32

0.62, 2.79

0.474

 

1.20

0.54, 2.66

0.663

Time period 6–12 months

 Nighttime meals 3–4 months

  Breast milk

            

   No

1713

1

Ref

 

1571

1

Ref

 

1349

1

Ref

 

   Yes

 

1.18

0.80, 1.74

0.403

 

1.18

0.78, 1.77

0.436

 

1.38

0.87, 2.20

0.170

  Formula milk

1713

   

1571

   

1349

   

   No

 

1

Ref

  

1

Ref

  

1

Ref

 

   Yes

 

0.80

0.47, 1.36

0.412

 

0.81

0.47, 1.40

0.445

 

0.66

0.35, 1.25

0.207

  Water

1713

   

1571

   

1349

   

   No

 

1

Ref

  

1

Ref

  

1

Ref

 

   Yes

 

4.18

0.43, 40.56

0.217

 

4.86

0.49, 48.29

0.177

 

5.10

0.51, 51.48

0.168

 Nighttime meals 6 months

  Breast milk

1711

   

1569

   

1350

   

   No

 

1

Ref

  

1

Ref

  

1

Ref

 

   Yes

 

0.79

0.55, 1.14

0.208

 

0.81

0.55, 1.18

0.273

 

0.92

0.60, 1.40

0.693

  MCD

1711

   

1569

   

1350

   

   No

 

1

Ref

  

1

Ref

  

1

Ref

 

   Yes

 

1.08

0.64, 1.82

0.766

 

1.09

0.63, 1.89

0.753

 

0.99

0.53, 1.85

0.976

  Water

1711

   

1569

   

1350

   

   No

 

1

Ref

  

1

Ref

  

1

Ref

 

   Yes

 

1.58

0.55, 4.55

0.394

 

0.74

0.17, 3.20

0.687

 

0.39

0.05, 2.96

0.388

  1. Model 1, adjusted for birth weight and sex; Model 2, additionally adjusted for maternal and paternal education and maternal and paternal smoking; Model 3,
  2. additionally adjusted for maternal weight before pregnancy, maternal weight gain during pregnancy, paternal weight at the first measurement point and maternal
  3. and paternal diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease
  4. MCD milk cereal drink, RWG rapid weight gain, nRWG non-rapid weight gain, m months, n number of subjects, OR odds ratios, 95% CI 95% confidence
  5. interval, p p value
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