Association of cleft lip and palate on mother-to-infant bonding: a cross-sectional study in the Japan Environment and Children’s Study (JECS)

Table 3 Association of bonding disorders with the prevalence of cleft lip among advanced-age multiparae

≥35, Multiparae	Healthy (n = 15,072)	CL ± P (n = 29)	p value	CP (n = 8)	p value
Bonding Disorders, n (%)	1503 (10.0)	7 (24.1)		2 (25.0)
Crude	1.00	2.87 (1.86–4.44)	0.015	3.01 (1.33–6.81)	0.178
Model 1^a	1.00	2.56 (1.07–6.10)	0.033	2.36 (0.46–11.95)	0.308
Model 2^b	1.00	2.31 (0.93–5.73)	0.072	1.76 (0.28–10.93)	0.545

Odds ratio (95% confidence interval) (all such values) for bonding disorders were compared with the reference participants
^aAdjusted for maternal factors (smoking and drinking habits, feeding pattern, and infant sex)
^bAdditionally adjusted for maternal depression with Model 1
P values representing significant differences (< 0.05) are indicated in bold

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