Characteristics | Categories | Involvement in childcare (quality) | Involvement in childcare (quantity) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
M ± SD | t or F(p) | M ± SD | t or F(p) | ||
Father | |||||
Education level | High school or lessa | 13.99 ± 2.77 | 10.02 (<.001) a < b,c | 2.32 ± 1.62 | 5.95 (.003) a < c |
Collegeb | 14.48 ± 2.63 | 2.50 ± 1.63 | |||
University or higherc | 14.69 ± 2.53 | 2.65 ± 1.61 | |||
Religion | No | 14.33 ± 2.62 | −2.48 (.013) | 2.41 ± 1.51 | −3.55 (<.001) |
Yes | 14.67 ± 2.64 | 2.72 ± 1.76 | |||
Smoking | Non-smoker | 14.76 ± 2.50 | 4.38 (<.001) | 2.72 ± 1.67 | 4.56 (<.001) |
Smoker | 14.17 ± 2.73 | 2.34 ± 1.55 | |||
Alcohol consumption | More than once a week | 14.30 ± 2.75 | −1.39 (.165) | 2.39 ± 1.55 | −2.07 (.038) |
Less than once a week | 14.51 ± 2.54 | 2.57 ± 1.59 | |||
Child | |||||
Sex | Male | 14.40 ± 2.66 | −0.10 (.344) | 2.58 ± 1.74 | 1.15 (.250) |
Female | 14.52 ± 2.61 | 2.48 ± 1.49 | |||
Family | |||||
Household income | I (lowest)a | 14.20 ± 2.74 | 3.00 (.030) a < d | 2.46 ± 1.79 | 1.56 (.209) |
IIb | 14.39 ± 2.57 | 2.48 ± 1.57 | |||
IIIc | 14.47 ± 2.65 | 2.53 ± 1.45 | |||
IV (highest)d | 14.78 ± 2.59 | 2.70 ± 1.71 |