Table 1 Bivariate analysis of the effects of individual- and community-level factors on childhood stunting less than 5 years in Ethiopia, EDHS 2016
Individual- and community-level characteristics | Weighted sample and stunted (%) | p-value |
|---|---|---|
Current child age | ||
0–5 moths | 1079 (16.21) | P < 0.001 |
6–11 moths | 999 (17.16) | |
12–23 moths | 1907 (40.89) | |
24–59 moths | 5575 (45.74) | |
Child sex | ||
Male | 4947 (37.93) | P = 0.002 |
Female | 4344 (34.81) | |
Live births between births | ||
No | 7770 (38.98) | P = 0.46 |
Yes | 73 (29.38) | |
Type of birth | ||
Single | 9364 (37.98) | P < 0.001 |
Multiple | 226 (55.45) | |
Preceding birth interval | ||
< =12 months | 224 (52.53) | P = 0.60 |
> 12 months | 7607 (38.52) | |
Number of under-five children in the household | ||
<=2 children | 9513 (38.36) | P = 0.093 |
> = 3 children | 75 (42.74) | |
Size of child at birth | ||
Large | 2998 (34.83) | P < 0.001 |
Medium | 1507 (37.28) | |
Small | 2487 (44.66) | |
Child has diarrhea in the last week | ||
No | 8418 (38.11) | P = 0.06 |
Yes | 9150 (40.79) | |
Child had fever recently | ||
No | 8168 (37.91) | P = 0.141 |
Yes | 1411 (41.46) | |
Age of Women | ||
15–24 years | 2198 (38.46) | P = 0.004 |
25–34 years | 5137 (37.38) | |
35–49 years | 2335 (40.56) | |
Women education level | ||
No education | 6294 (41.63) | P < 0.001 |
Primary education | 2615 (35.34) | |
Secondary and above | 679 (19.09) | |
Marital status of women | ||
Single | 50 (37.50) | P = 0.979 |
Married | 9108 (38.23) | |
Separated | 424 (40.62) | |
Maternal occupation | ||
No | 6993 (38.25) | P = 0.540 |
Yes | 2595 (38.77) | |
Mothers body mass index | ||
Over weight | 589 (24.44) | P < 0.001 |
Normal weight | 7038 (38.84) | |
Under weight | 1865 (41.09) | |
Number of antenatal care visits | ||
No visits | 2465 (39.79) | P < 0.001 |
1–3 visits | 2132 (37.82) | |
4–20 visits | 2160 (30.68) | |
Place of delivery | ||
Institution | 2688 (31.11) | P < 0.001 |
Home | 6900 (41.23) | |
Age of mother at first birth | ||
11–18 years | 4807 (39.44) | P < 0.001 |
19–25 years | 4394 (37.72) | |
26–32 years | 360 (33.40) | |
33–40 years | 27 (28.70) | |
Father education level | ||
No education | 4299 (42.62) | P < 0.001 |
Primary education | 3650 (36.52) | |
Secondary and above | 1092 (25.73) | |
Father’s occupation | ||
No | 8927 (38.46) | P = 0.007 |
Yes | 660 (37.46) | |
Wealth index | ||
Poor | 4291 (43.39) | P < 0.001 |
Middle | 1974 (35.95) | |
Rich | 3322 (31.86) | |
Mass media exposure | ||
No | 1156 (26.86) | P < 0.001 |
Yes | 8045 (37.79) | |
Birth order of the last birth | ||
First | 1753 (36.11) | P < 0.001 |
2nd and 3rd | 2483 (37.04) | |
4th and 5th | 2291 (39.41) | |
6th and above | 2588 (40.57) | |
Religion | ||
Protestant | 2061 (36.93) | P = 0.003 |
Muslim | 3909 (36.95) | |
Orthodox | 3327 (40.16) | |
Others | 290 (47.95) | |
Place of residence | ||
Urban | 1048 (26.15) | P < 0.001 |
Rural | 8540 (39.89) | |
Region | ||
Addis Ababa | 211 (14.68) | P < 0.001 |
Afar | 91 (40.66) | |
Amhara | 1878 (47.17) | |
Oromia | 4203 (36.25) | |
Somali | 397 (26.98) | |
Benishangul | 101 (42.83) | |
SNNPR | 1978 (39.12) | |
Gambella | 22 (23.33) | |
Harari | 18 (31.85) | |
Tigray | 549 (38.85) | |
Dire Dawa | 36 (41.22) | |
Source of drinking water | ||
Unimproved | 4134 (40.66) | P = 0.002 |
Improved | 5310 (36.86) | |
Source of type of toilet | ||
Unimproved | 5078 (36.65) | P = 0.054 |
Improved | 4397 (40.48) | |
Community women poverty | ||
Low | 5511 (36.88) | P < 0.001 |
High | 4076 (40.44) | |
Community women institutional delivery | ||
Low | 5560 (39.57) | P < 0.001 |
High | 3295 (31.05) | |
Community women primary education | ||
Low | 4789 (39.38) | P = 0.630 |
High | 4799 (37.41) | |