Table 1 Study characteristics
Author | Sample Size | Research Design | Age, mean ± SD (range) | Gender, boys:girls | Control or comparison group? | Level of Evidence | Downs and Black |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ashkenazi et al. [35] | 9 DCD | Non-randomised single group | 5.6 ± 0.5 (4–6) | 7:2 | None | Level 4 | 16/27 (59%) |
Bonney et al. [36] | 43 DCD 21 (VG) 22 (comparison) | RCT | VG: 14.3 ± 1.1 (13–16) Comparison: 14.4 ± 1.05 (13–16) | 0:43 | Comparison group: Task-oriented Functional Training (45mins, 1x week, 14 weeks) | Level 2 | 20/27 (74%) |
Bonney et al. [37] | 57 DCD 54 TD | RCT | DCD: 7.7 ± 1.0 (6–10) TD: 7.6 ± 1.0 (6–10) | DCD: 29:28 TD: 28:26 | Two DCD groups for variable and repetitive video game practice (also comparison to TD) | Level 2 | 21/27 (78%) |
Bonney et al. [38] | 57 DCD 54 TD | RCT | DCD: 7.7 ± 1.0 (6–10) TD: 7.6 ± 1.0 (6–10) | DCD: 29:28 TD: 28:26 | Two DCD groups for variable and repetitive video game practice (also comparison to TD) | Level 2 | 20/27 (74%) |
Bonney et al. [39] | 16 DCD | Non-randomised single group | 14.5 ± 1.0 (13–16) | 0:16 | None | Level 4 | 19/27 (70%) |
Ferguson et al. [40] | 46 DCD 19 (VG) 27 (comparison) | Non-randomised with comparison group | VG: 7.6 ± 1.1 (6–10) Comparison: 8.2 ± 1.3 (6–10) | VG: 9:10 Comparison: 15:12 | Comparison group: NeuroMotor Task Training (45–60 min, 2x week, 9 weeks)a | Level 3 | 18/27 (67%) |
Hammond et al. [41] | 18 DCD 10 (group A) 8 (group B) | Crossover RCT | Group A: 8.5 ± 1.2 (7.1–10.7) Group B: 9.5 ± 1.4 (7.2–10.9) | Group A: 8:2 Group B: 6:2 | Crossover design with school-run motor skills program (1 h, 1x week, 4 weeks)a | Level 2 | 17/27 (63%) |
Howie et al. [42] | 21 DCD 11 (group A) 10 (group B) | Crossover RCT | 11 ± 1.0 (10–12) | 10:11 | Crossover design with no intervention and avoidance of active video gaming | Level 2 | 18/27 (67%) |
Jelsma et al. [43] | 28 DCD (20 TDb) 14 (group A) 14 (group B) | Cohort study with intervention | 8.2 ± 1.4 (5.9–11.3) | 18:10 | Group A: 6 weeks of intervention. Group B: 6 weeks of no intervention then 6 weeks of intervention | Level 3 | 15/27 (56%) |
Jelsma et al. [44] | 14 DCDc (20 TDb) | Cohort study with self-control intervention | 7.7 ± 1.2 (5.9–9.5) | 9:5 | DCD group: 6 weeks of no intervention followed by 6 weeks of intervention (same as Group B in Jelsma et al. 2014 [43]) | Level 4 | 15/27 (56%) |
Ju et al. [45] | 24 DCD (12 TD) 12 (VG) 12 (DCD control) 12 (TD control) | RCT | DCD VG: 6.8 ± 1.3 (5–10) DCD control: 7.0 ± 1.5 (5–10) TD control: 7.3 ± 1.6 (5–10) | DCD VG: 6:6 DCD control: 7:5 TD control: 7:5 | DCD and TD control groups had no intervention | Level 2 | 14/27 (52%) |
Mombarg et al. [46] | 29 DCD 15 (VG) 14 (control) | RCT | VG: 9.5 ± 1.8 (7–12) Control: 9.7 ± 1.1 (7–12) | VG: 12:3 Control: 11:3 | Control group had no intervention | Level 2 | 17/27 (63%) |
Smits-Engelsman et al. [48] | 17 DCD 17 TD | Cohort study with intervention | DCD: 7.9 ± 1.2 (6–10) TD: 7.7 ± 1.1 (6–10) | DCD: 9:8 TD: 9:8 | Comparison group of TD with same intervention | Level 3 | 17/27 (63%) |
Smits-Engelsman et al. [47] | 17 DCD 18 TD | Cohort study with intervention | DCD: 8.2 ± 1.1 (6–10) TD: 8.0 ± 1.2 (6–10) | DCD: 9:8 TD: 9:9 | Comparison group of TD with same intervention | Level 3 | 18/27 (67%) |
Straker et al. [49] | 21 DCD 11 (group A) 10 (group B) | Crossover RCT | 11 ± 1.0 (10–12) | 10:11 | Crossover design with no intervention and avoidance of active video gaming | Level 2 | 18/27 (67%) |