The association of malaria morbidity with linear growth, hemoglobin, iron status, and development in young Malawian children: a prospective cohort study

Bendabenda, Jaden; Patson, Noel; Hallamaa, Lotta; Mbotwa, John; Mangani, Charles; Phuka, John; Prado, Elizabeth L.; Cheung, Yin Bun; Ashorn, Ulla; Dewey, Kathryn G.; Ashorn, Per; Maleta, Kenneth

doi:10.1186/s12887-018-1378-2

Table 4 Association of infectious disease morbidity from age 6 to 18 mo with developmental scores at age 18 mo

From: The association of malaria morbidity with linear growth, hemoglobin, iron status, and development in young Malawian children: a prospective cohort study

Variables	Mean developmental scores at age 18 mo
	(N = 2016)
	Fine motor scores		Gross motor scores		Language scores		PSED scores
	Regression coefficient^a	P-value	Regression coefficient^a	P-value	Regression coefficient^a	P-value	Regression coefficient^a	P-value
	(95% CI)	P-value	(95% CI)	P-value	(95% CI)	P-value	(95% CI)	P-value
Incidence^b of ‘presumed’ malaria	−0.06 (− 0.13 to 0.01)	0.117	0.07 (− 0.17 to 0.01)	0.070	−0.01 (− 0.09 to 0.06)	0.692	−0.21 (− 0.39 to − 0.03)	0.041
> 1 malaria episodes (vs no malaria episode)	−0.09 (− 0.34 to 0.16)	0.488	−0.17 (− 0.45 to 0.12)	0.250	−0.09 (− 0.35 to 0.16)	0.460	−0.48 (− 1.11 to 0.15)	0.132
Incidence^b of diarrhea	−0.06 (− 0.11 to − 0.01)	0.050	−0.02 (− 0.03 to − 0.01)	< 0.001	0.01 (− 0.05 to 0.05)	0.984	−0.02 (− 0.04 to 0.01)	0.126
Incidence^b of ARI	0.01 (− 0.02 to 0.04)	0.481	0.03 (−0.01 to 0.05)	0.067	0.01 (−0.02 to 0.04)	0.432	0.08 (0.03 to 0.14)	0.004
Other predictors^c
Female sex (vs. male)	−0.27 (− 0.54 to − 0.01)	0.043	−0.67 (− 0.94 to − 0.39)	< 0.001	0.13 (− 0.13 to 0.39)	0.315	− 1.28 (− 1.92 to − 0.64)	< 0.001
LAZ at age 6 mo	0.20 (0.07 to 0.33)	0.002	0.32 (0.18 to 0.45)	< 0.001	0.28 (0.15 to 0.41)	< 0.001	0.16 (− 0.48 to 0.16)	0.322
HFIA score	0.04 (0.02 to 0.06)	0.001	0.01 (−0.01 to 0.03)	0.392	−0.02 (− 0.04 to − 0.01)	0.044	0.01 (− 0.04 to 0.06)	0.719
Child’s mood	0.95 (0.70 to 1.19)	< 0.001	0.92 (0.64 to 1.19)	< 0.001	−0.20 (− 0.44 to 0.04)	0.108	− 0.75 (−1.36 to −.14)	0.016
Activity level	0.48 (0.10 to 0.88)	0.014	0.46 (0.02 to 0.90)	0.041	0.39 (−0.01 to 0.78)	0.051	0.94 (−0.04 to 1.92)	0.061

ARI acute respiratory infection, CI confidence interval, HFIA household food insecurity access, LAZ length for age z-score, PSED Profile of Social and Emotional Development
^aObtained by ordinary least squares regression
^bTotal episodes/child years at risk
^cOnly predictors that showed statistical significance in any of the multivariate models are presented. Other variables entered in the regression, but not significant in any model, were: weight for length z-scores at age 6 mo; hemoglobin concentration; iron status; maternal education; interaction with the assessor during the Kilifi Developmental Inventory (KDI) assessment; and whether the child received an intervention (lipid-based nutrient supplements) during the study period

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ISSN: 1471-2431

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