Table 1 Baseline characteristics of study participants

Age (years)

9.1 ± 1.5

9.2 ± 1.4

9.2 ± 1.4

NS

BMI (kg/m²)

16.1 ± 2.0

16.0 ± 2.3

16.1 ± 2.2

NS

Overweight n(%)

81 (16.3)

73 (13.6)

154 (14.9)

<  0.05

WC (cm)

56.4 ± 6.0

57.9 ± 7.1

57.2 ± 6.7

<  0.05

WC ≥90th (cm) n(%)

32 (6.5)

32 (6.0)

64 (6.2)

NS

FPG (mg/dl)

88.2 ± 8.8

86.4 ± 7.7

87.3 ± 8.3

<  0.05

FPG ≥ 100 (mg/dl) n(%)

44 (9.3)

24 (4.6)

69 (6.9)

<  0.05

HDL-C (mg/dl)

47.6 ± 11.4

46.3 ± 11.2

46.9 ± 11.3

NS

HDL-C < 40 (mg/dl) n(%)

126 (27.0)

161 (31.1)

287 (29.2)

NS

TG^a (mg/dl)

80.0 (61.0–103.0)

88.0 (70.0–118.0)

84.0 (64.0–111.2)

<  0.05

TG ≥ 110 (mg/dl) n(%)

101 (21.5)

160 (30.7)

261 (26.4)

<  0.05

Paternal BMI (kg/m²)

26.4 ± 3.6

25.7 ± 3.7

26.0 ± 3.8

NS

Paternal obesity n(%)

51 (14.5)

52 (13.6)

103 (14.0)

NS

Maternal BMI (kg/m²)

27.7 ± 4.8

27.6 ± 3.0

27.5 ± 4.6

<  0.05

Maternal obesity n(%)

120 (28.2)

113 (24.1)

233 (26.1)

NS

 Higher than diploma n(%)

71 (18.0)

67 (16.1)

138 (17.5)

NS

 Higher than diploma n(%)

55 (11.7)

48 (9.5)

103 (10.5)

NS

MetS n(%)

26 (5.5)

40 (7.7)

66 (6.7)

NS

SBP (mmHg)

102.7 ± 11.6

100.2 ± 12.1

101.3 ± 11.9

<  0.05

DBP(mmHg)

70.2 ± 10.2

69.3 ± 10.2

69.8 ± 10.2

NS

Hypertension n(%)

163 (33.6)

180 (33.8)

343 (33.7)

NS