Table 5 Distribution of overweight with concurrent stunting according to the characteristics with their corresponding hierarchical model adjusted prevalence ratios

Child’s age in months

0–11

Ref

0.495

Ref

0.461

Ref

0.474

Ref

0.155

12–23

0.990 (0.982–0.999)

0.991 (0.982–1.000)

0.991 (0.982–0.999)

0.993 (0.975–1.011)

24–35

0.994 (0.986–1.002)

0.994 (0.967–1.002)

0.994 (0.986–1.002)

0.994 (0.948–1.000)

36–47

0.997 (0.989–1.004)

0.997 (0.990–1.004)

0.997 (0.989–1.004)

1.000 (0.987–1.013)

48–59

1.000 (0.993–1.007)

1.000 (0.993–1.007)

1.000 (0.993–1.007)

1.001 (0.985–1.018)

Sex of child

Male

0.186

0.186

0.188

0.951

Female

1.003 (0.998–1.009)

1.004 (0.999–1.009)

1.004 (0.999–1.009)

1.003 (0.987–1.020)

Religion of household head

Christian

Ref

0.147

Ref

0.129

Ref

0.991

Muslim

0.997 (0.990–1.004)

0.997 (0.989–1.004)

1.017 (0.989–1.045)

Traditional/ Spiritualist

0.998 (0.990–1.007)

0.998 (0.989–1.007)

0.981 (0.933–1.032)

Other religion/ No Religion

0.989 (0.975–1.003)

0.989 (0.975–1.003)

1.020 (1.002–1.038)

Ethnicity of household head

Akan

Ref

0.073

Ref

0.350

Ref

0.947

Ga/Dangme

1.003 (0.989–1.018)

1.004 (0.989–1.019)

1.013 (0.996–1.030)

Ewe

1.009 (0.999–1.018)

1.009 (0.998–1.020)

1.023 (1.000–1.046)

Northern tribes

1.008 (1.000–1.016)

1.006 (0.996–1.017)

1.001 (0.970–1.032)

Non-Ghanaian/ others

0.999 (0.977–1.021)

0.998 (0.977–1.020)

0.976 (0.911–1.046)

Maternal education

None

Ref

0.969

Ref

0.944

0.430

Primary

0.995 (0.988–1.003)

0.996 (0.988–1.003)

0.986 (0.963–1.011)

Middle/JSS

1.000 (0.992–1.009)

1.000 (0.992–1.009)

1.016 (0.992–1.039)

Secondary +

1.003 (0.990–1.016)

1.003 (0.990–1.016)

1.022 (0.982–1.063)

0.335

Wealth index quintile

Poorest

Ref

0.205

Ref

0.335

Ref

Second

1.004 (0.997–1.012)

1.005 (0.997–1.012)

0.991 (0.967–1.015)

Middle

1.004 (0.995–1.012)

1.004 (0.993–1.015)

0.991 (0.969–1.012)

Fourth

1.011 (1.004–1.019)

1.011 (1.001–1.021)

0.997 (0.972–1.023)

Richest

1.001 (0.986–1.016)

1.001 (0.984–1.019)

0.954 (0.900–1.013)

Maternal age at child birth

Less than 20

Ref

0.633

Ref

0.873

20–34

1.001 (0.995–1.008)

0.989 (0.969–1.001)

35–49

1.002 (0.993–1.011)

1.000 (0.981–1.019)

Area of residence

Urban

Ref

0.848

Ref

0.855

Rural

0.999 (0.991–1.007)

1.003 (0.987–1.020)

Geographic zones

Coastal/southern Zone

Ref

0.544

Ref

0.707

Middle zone

0.999 (0.989–1.010)

0.987 (0.967–1.008)

Northern zone

1.000 (0.988–1.012)

0.989 (0.957–1.022)

Three northern and non-northern regions

All but three northern regions

Ref

0.885

Ref

0.564

Three northern regions

1.003 (0.990–1.016)

1.000 (0.967–1.034)

 Child ever been breastfed

Yes

0.995 (0.984–1.006)

0.034

No

Ref

 Child with diarrhoea

Yes

1.019 (1.006–1.032)

0.04

No

Ref

 Child with cough

Yes

1.003 (0.985–1.021)

0.807

No

Ref

 Child ever received any vaccinations

Yes

0.997 (0.960–0.995)

0.010

No

Ref

 Malaria rapid test outcome

Positives

Ref

0.299

Negative

1.012 (0.994–1.030)