Validity of a family-centered approach for assessing infants’ social-emotional wellbeing and their developmental context: a prospective cohort study

Table 3 Background characteristics of participants

	Cases (N = 87)	Controls (N = 172)	Total cohort^b (N = 2835)	P-value cases-controls^ϕ/cases-total cohort
Gender
Male	46 (52.9%)	90 (52.3%)	1420 (50.1%)
Female	41 (47.1%)	82 (47.7%)	1414 (49.9%)	.61
Highest educational level of either parents
Lower	4 (4.8%)	4 (2.4%)	119 (4.7%)	.06
Secondary	44 (57.9%)	77 (45.6%)	1099 (43.0%)	.03
Higher	28 (36.8%)	88 (52.1%)	1336 (52.3%)
Parental age
Mother
Younger than 20	2 (2.3%)	1 (0.6%)	15 (0.6%)	.04^a
20–40	81 (93.1%)	169 (98.8%)	2351 (96.6%)	.05^a
40 years and over	4 (4.6%)	1 (0.6%)	59 (2.4%)
Father
Younger than 20	1 (1.2%)	1 (0.6%)	5 (0.2%)	.73^a
20–40	70 (81.4%)	141 (84.9%)	2092 (89.6%)	.03
40 years and over	15 (17.4%)	24 (14.5%)	239 (10.2%)
Employment status parent
One of both or both parents have	85 (97.7%)	167 (97.7%)	1206 (94.4%)	1.00^a
paid work				.23^a
None of both parents has paid	2 (2.3%)	4 (2.3%)	72 (5.6%)
Work
Country of birth parent
One or both born in the Netherlands	86 (98.9%)	169 (100.0%)	2460 (99.3%)	.34^a
Both born outside the Netherlands	1 (1.1%)	0 (0.0%)	86 (0.7%)	.48^a
Family composition
Two parents household	78 (91.1%)	171 (99.4%)	2046 (96.9%)	.01^a
One parent household	7 (8.2%)	1 (0.6%)	65 (3.1%)	.05^a
Number of children
First child	37 (43.4%)	81 (47.1%)	1215 (42.9%)	.59
More children	48 (56.5%)	91 (52.9%)	1620 (55.3%)	1.00

^abased on Fisher’s exact test
^bparticipants for whom data was available, cases excluded
^ϕfor gender the p-value was not given for the comparison between cases and controls because of the matching by gender

ISSN: 1471-2431