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Table 3 Distribution of possible aetiological and confounding factors of anaemia among cases and community controls

From: Anaemia in hospitalised preschool children from a rural area in Mozambique: a case control study in search for aetiological agents

Variable

Study groups

Total

p-value

Cases

Controls

Undernutrition

Underweight (WAZ < −2)1

197/443 (44%)

32/284 (11%)

229/727 (31%)

<0.00012

Wasted (WHZ < −2)1

134/446 (31%)

18/280 (6%)

152/716 (21%)

<0.00012

Stunted (HAZ < −2)1

141/436 (32%)

35/284 (12%)

176/720 (24%)

<0.00012

Albumin deficiency1

175/432 (41%)

11/282 (4%)

186/714 (26%)

<0.00012

Prealbumin deficiency1

389/430 (90%)

97/280 (35%)

486/710 (68%)

<0.00012

Iron deficiency1

263/381 (69%)

111/260 (43%)

374/715 (58%)

<0.00012

Folate deficiency1

0/381 (0%)

0/255 (0%)

0/636 (0%)

 

Vitamin A deficiency1

301/434 (69%)

79/283 (28%)

380/717 (53%)

<0.00012

Vitamin B12 deficiency1

68/413 (16%)

53/269 (20%)

121 (18%)

0.27942

Viral infections

HIV1

Negative

297/443 (67%)

266/289 (92%)

563 (77%)

<0.00012

Positive

93/443 (21%)

6/443 (2%)

99 (14%)

Indeterminate

4/443 (1%)

0/443 (0%)

4 (1%)

Not done

49/443 (11%)

17/443 (6%)

66 (9%)

Parvovirus B19 infection1

26/436 (6%)

6/287 (2%)

32/730 (4%)

0.01492

EBV infection1

117/441 (27%)

39/286 (14%)

156/727 (21%)

<0.00012

Bacteraemia1

34/433 (8%)4

3/286 (1%)5

37/719 (5%)

0.00012

Parasitic infections

Plasmodium falciparum 1

179/428 (42%)

21/287 (7%)

200/715 (28%)

<0.00012

Hyperparasitemic Pf. 1

34/428 (8%)

0/287 (0%)

34/715 (5%)

<0.00012

Submicroscopic Pf. 1

37/322 (11%)

12/284 (4%)

49/666 (8%)

0.00112

Clinical malaria1

172/428 (40%)

0/287 (0%)

172/715 (24%)

<0.00012

Intestinal parasites1

6/205 (3%)6

10/154 (6%)7

16/359 (4%)

0.10512

Schistosoma haematobium 1

0/172 (0%)

0/175 (0%)

0/347 (0%)

-

Genetic disorders

G6PD deficiency1

44/436 (10%)

22/271 (8%)

66/707 (9%)

0.38052

Haemoglobinopathy1,8

4/431 (1%)

2/263 (1%)

6/694 (1%)

1.00003

β-Thalassaemia1

1/431 (0%)

4/263 (2%)

5/694 (1%)

0.07113

α-Thalassaemia1

77/121 (64%)

59/137 (43%)

136/258 (53%)

0.00102

  1. 1n/N (column percentage); 2Chi-squared test; 3Fisher’s exact test; 411 Streptococcus pneumoniae, 5 Staphylococcus aureus, 5 Escherichia coli, 3 Salmonella typhimurium, 10 others. 51 E. coli, 1 Klebsiella spp and 1 g negative bacilli, lactose fermenting oxidase negative (these findings were considered contaminations or transient bacteraemia); 6the intestinal parasites are 3 Ascaris lumbricoides, 2 Giardia lamblia, 1 Strongyloides stercoralis, 7the intestinal parasites are 6 Ascaris lumbricoides, 2 Giardia lamblia, 1 Entamoeba hystolitica, 1 Strongyloides stercoralis, 8Haemoglobinopathy includes S and E
  2. Abbreviations: EBV Epstein-Barr virus, G6PD Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase, Pf Plasmodium falciparum, WAZ Weight for age Z score
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BMC Pediatrics

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