Development of a wheelchair mobility skills test for children and adolescents: combining evidence with clinical expertise

Sol, Marleen Elisabeth; Verschuren, Olaf; de Groot, Laura; de Groot, Janke Frederike

doi:10.1186/s12887-017-0809-9

Table 1 Characteristics of WMS outcome measures

From: Development of a wheelchair mobility skills test for children and adolescents: combining evidence with clinical expertise

Instrument		Study	Construct	Target population		# WMS items/# total items	Duration	Outcome
	Version	Study	Construct	Disease characteristics	Age	# WMS items/# total items	Duration	Parameters (Scale)
WPT		Askari (2013) [47]	Manual wheelchair propulsion	Manual wheelchair user	≥17 years	1/1	≤ 50 s	Propulsion method
TOWM & Wheelie test		Fliess-Douer (2012, 2013a, 2013b) [36–38]	Manual wheelchair mobility	SCI	18–65 years	36/38	40 min	Ability (0–1), Quality (0–5), Time (s), Anxiety (0–10)
WC		Kilkens (2002, 2004) [30, 31]	Manual wheelchair mobility	SCI	18–65 years	5/8	na	Ability (0–1), Performance time (s), Physical strain (max HR)
	AM WC	Cowan (2011) [32]	Manual wheelchair mobility	SCI	> 18 years	12/14	na	Ability (0–1), Performance time (s)
	WAIMS	Vereecken (2012) [33]	Manual wheelchair driving	MS	na	7/8	20–30 min	Ability (0–2), Performance time (s), Covered distance (m)
Slalom test		Gagnon (2011) [48]	Manual wheelchair propulsion	SCI	≥ 18 years	1/1	17 min	Time (s)
WST	1.0	Kirby (2002) [34]	Manual wheelchair user function in daily life	Manual wheelchair user	≥ 18 years	14/33	29 min	Safety completion (0–2),
	2.4	Kirby (2004) [20]	Manual wheelchair user function	Manual wheelchair user	≥ 17 years	30/50	27 min	Ability (pass/fail/NA), GAS
	4.1	Lindquist (2010) [35]	Manual wheelchair user function	Manual wheelchair user	> 16 years	24/30	31 min	Ability (pass/fail). Safety (safe/unsafe)
HMAT		Harvey (1998) [39]	Manual wheelchair mobility	SCI	na	3/6	< 15 min	Level of assistance (1–6)
FIM + 5AML		Middleton (2006) [42]	Manual wheelchair user functional independence	SCI	18–65 years	3/5	na	Level of assistance (1–7)
OCAWUP		Routhier (2004, 2005) [40, 41]	Wheelchair mobility	Manual and power wheelchair user	18–65 years	10/10	60–90 min	Time (s), Degree of ease (0–3)
TMT		Chafetz (2004) [43]	Manual wheelchair user function	SCI	8–14 years	2/6	60–90 min	Time (s)
WUFA		Stanley (2003) [44]	Manual wheelchair user function	Manual wheelchair user	na	6/13	60–90 min	Level of independence (1–7)
WC-PFP		Cress (2002) [45]	Manual wheelchair user function	Manual wheelchair user	18–67 years	1/11	40 min	Speed (1/time)
VFM		Taricco (2000) [46]	Manual wheelchair user function	SCI	All age groups	9/65	30–50 min	Level of independence (1–5)
TOMP		Gans (1988) [49]	Physical function and motor performance	All disabilities	> 6 years	2/32	< 60 min	Assistance (0–4), Approach (0–1), Pattern (0–1), Proficiency (0–2)
TM		Jebsen (1970) [50]	Mobility	Locomotor disorders	> 20 years	2/31	60 min	Time (s)

WMS wheelchair mobility skills, WPT wheelchair propulsions test, TMT Timed Motor Test for wheelchair users, AM-WC adapted manual wheelchair circuit, WC-PFP wheelchair physical functional performance test, TOWM test of wheeled mobility, TOMP tufts assessment of motor performance, HMAT Harvey mobility assessment tool, TM measurement of time, WC wheelchair circuit, WST wheelchair skills test, FIM functional independence measure, 5-AML five additional mobility and locomotor items, OCAWUP obstacle course assessment of wheelchair user performance, WUFA wheelchair user functional assessment, VFM Valutazione Funzionale Mielolesi, WAIMS wheelchair assessment instrument for people with multiple sclerosis, NA not applicable, SCI spinal cord injury, MS multiple sclerosis, HR heart rate, GAS Goal attainment scale

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ISSN: 1471-2431

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