Fig. 1

Mediation role of maternal parenting stress on infant neurodevelopment based on hierarchical multiple regression. Maternal parenting stress negatively affects infant neurodevelopment (β = −0.320, p < 0.001). Paternal involvement can reduce maternal parenting stress (β = −0.250, p < 0.001), resulting in having a positive effect on infant neurodevelopment (β = 0.229, p < 0.001). However, the direct effect of paternal involvement on infant neurodevelopment is stronger (β = 0.294, p < 0.001) than the indirect effect of paternal involvement thorough mediating factor of maternal parenting stress