Table 1 Characteristics of healthy kindergarten children (n = 1,088) and carriage of pathogenic bacteria
Independent Variable | Total (n = 1,088) n (%)a | Bacterial carriage n (%)b | OR (95 % CI)c | Bacteria carriers (n = 866) n (%)b | OR (95 % CI)d | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No (n = 222) | Yes (n = 866) | Single spp. (n = 568) | Multiple spp. (n = 298) | ||||
Gender | |||||||
Male | 593 (54.5) | 122 (20.6) | 471 (79.4) | Reference | 312 (66.2) | 159 (33.8) | Reference |
Female | 495 (45.5) | 100 (20.2) | 395 (79.8) | 1.0 (0.8–1.4) | 256 (64.8) | 139 (35.2) | 1.1 (0.8–1.4) |
Age (years) | |||||||
2 ~ < 3 | 218 (20.0) | 31 (14.2) | 187 (85.8) | Reference | 106 (56.7) | 81 (43.3) | Reference |
3 ~ < 4 | 352 (32.4) | 61 (17.3) | 291 (82.7) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 181 (62.2) | 110 (37.8) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) |
4 ~ < 5 | 331 (30.4) | 65 (19.6) | 266 (80.4) | 0.7 (0.4–1.1) | 179 (67.3) | 87 (32.7) | 0.6 (0.4–0.9)* |
5 ~ 6 | 187 (17.2) | 65 (34.8) | 122 (65.2) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5)* | 102 (83.6) | 20 (16.4) | 0.3 (0.1–0.4)* |
Episode of respiratory symptoms in the past 6 months | |||||||
0 | 308 (28.3) | 59 (19.2) | 249 (80.8) | Reference | 155 (62.2) | 94 (37.8) | Reference |
1 ~ 2 | 679 (62.4) | 148 (21.8) | 531 (78.2) | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) | 350 (65.9) | 181 (34.1) | 0.9 (0.6–1.2) |
≥ 3 | 101 (9.3) | 15 (14.9) | 86 (85.1) | 1.4 (0.7–2.5) | 63 (73.3) | 23 (26.7) | 0.6 (0.4–1.0) |
Antibiotic consumption within previous 3 months (n = 875, 213 missing data) | |||||||
No | 524 (59.9) | 101 (19.3) | 423 (80.7) | Reference | 279 (66.0) | 144 (34.0) | Reference |
Yes | 351 (40.1) | 85 (24.2) | 266 (75.8) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0) | 179 (67.3) | 87 (32.7) | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) |
Mother’s education level (n = 1,059, 29 missing data) | |||||||
Elementary school | 225 (21.2) | 45 (20.0) | 180 (80.0) | Reference | 100 (55.6) | 80 (44.4) | Reference |
Middle/high school | 592 (55.9) | 111 (18.8) | 481 (81.3) | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | 312 (64.9) | 169 (35.1) | 0.7 (0.5–1.0)* |
College/university | 242 (22.9) | 56 (23.1) | 186 (76.9) | 0.8 (0.5–1.3) | 143 (76.9) | 43 (23.1) | 0.4 (0.2–0.6)* |
Father’s education level (n = 1,063, 25 missing data) | |||||||
Elementary school | 186 (17.5) | 36 (19.4) | 150 (80.6) | Reference | 83 (55.3) | 67 (44.7) | Reference |
Middle/high school | 584 (54.9) | 106 (18.2) | 478 (81.8) | 1.1 (0.7–1.6) | 298 (62.3) | 180 (37.7) | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) |
College/university | 293 (27.6) | 70 (23.9) | 223 (76.1) | 0.8 (0.5–1.2) | 176 (78.9) | 47 (21.1) | 0.3 (0.2–0.5)* |
Location of kindergarten (city) | |||||||
Shantou | 699 (64.2) | 162 (23.2) | 537 (76.8) | Reference | 348 (64.8) | 189 (35.2) | Reference |
Jieyang | 196 (18.0) | 39 (19.9) | 157 (80.1) | 1.2 (0.8–1.8) | 106 (67.5) | 51 (32.5) | 0.9 (0.6–1.3) |
Chaozhou | 193 (17.7) | 21 (10.9) | 172 (89.1) | 2.5 (1.5–4.0)* | 114 (66.3) | 58 (33.7) | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) |