Table 1 Mean (± SD) characteristics of the subjects

Age (years)

11.9 ± 0.6

12.9 ± 0.6^a

13.9 ± 0.6^a,b

Tanner stage

1/2/3/4/5

2.7 ± 0.6

0/40/48/8/0

3.3 ± 0.9^a

0/17/47/22/10

3.9 ± 0.8^a,b

0/3/24/42/25

Height (cm)

153.8 ± 7.4

161.5 ± 8.4^a

168.3 ± 8.3^a,b

Body mass (kg)

49.3 ± 16.0

55.9 ± 17.7^a

62.1 ± 18.8^a,b

BMI (kg/m²)

20.5 ± 5.2

21.1 ± 5.3^a

21.7 ± 5.3^a,b

Fat mass (kg)

13.4 ± 10.5

14.7 ± 11.2^a

15.1 ± 11.7^a

Lean body mass (kg)

33.2 ± 6.5

38.5 ± 8.3^a

43.7 ± 9.4^a,b

WB_BMC (g)

1721.1 ± 384.5

1986.7 ± 474.4^a

2265.9 ± 533.9^a,b

WB_BMD (g/cm²)

0.983 ± 0.069

1.018 ± 0.081^a

1.060 ± 0.098^a,b

FN _BMD (g/cm²)

0.895 ± 0.086

0.940 ± 0.103^a

0.985 ± 0.120^a,b

LS _BMD (g/cm²)

0.831 ± 0.097

0.890 ± 0.121^a

0.966 ± 0.147^a,b

Leptin (ng/ml)

7.1 ± 8.3

6.3 ± 7.2

5.4 ± 7.3

Adiponectin (μg/ml)

8.9 ± 4.7

10.5 ± 4.7^a

8.3 ± 4.4^b

Osteocalcin (ng/ml)

110.4 ± 37.6

136.4 ± 48.0^a

132.1 ± 44.6^a

CTX (ng/ml)

1.6 ± 0.4

1.9 ± 0.5^a

1.9 ± 0.5^a

MVPA (min/day)

64.5 ± 23.5

60.4 ± 25.8

56.5 ± 26.1^a

SED (min/day)

537.2 ± 72.7

556.4 ± 78.8

574.0 ± 93.2^a