Low serum vitamin-D status is associated with high prevalence and early onset of type-1 diabetes mellitus in Kuwaiti children

Table 5 Correlation of serum vitamin D level in Kuwaiti T1DM children with their parent’s profession and total family income

	Father’s profession
	Not employed (a) (N = 22)	Laborer (b) (N = 6)	Semi-skilled (c) (N = 33)	Office worker (d) (N = 86)	Skilled (e) (N = 30)	Professional (f) (N = 33)
^aMean serum vitamin D levels (ng /ml)	14.590 ± 4.788	16.296 ± 4.876	11.305 ± 5.921	13.959 ± 7.238	13.512 ± 5.172	15.716 ± 7.658
	Mother’s profession
	(N = 69)	(N = 4)	(N = 26)	(N = 21)	(N = 78)	(N = 12)
^bMean serum vitamin D levels (ng/ml)	13.561 ± 5.945	18.5 ± 4.2	10.877 ± 4.252	12.201 ± 5.392	15.43 ± 7.807	13.739 ± 6.385
	Family’s total income
	< KD 1000, N = 4 (a)		KD 1000–2000, N = 97 (b)		> KD 2000, N = 110 (c)
^cMean serum vitamin D levels (ng/ml)	7.795 ± 0.709		14.53 ± 0.619		13.539 ± 5.615

^aA statistically significant correlation was detected in serum vitamin D level between groups (c) and (d), p = 0.05) and between groups (c) and (f), p = 0.007 of the Father’s profession
^bIn case of ‘Mother’s profession, statistically significant correlation was found between groups (b) and (d), p = 0.03; between groups (c) and (e), p = 0.002 and between groups (d) and (e), p = 0.045)
^cIn the case of ‘Family’s total income, statistically significant correlation was noted only between groups (a) and (b), p = 0.046
The differences between all other groups based on parent’s profession and total family income were not statistically significant. The categories of the profession have been chosen as described previously by Shah et al. [20] in Kuwait for determining the socio-economic status (SES)

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