Table 3 Celiac disease risk in relation to each specific maternal and perinatal condition for all children and divided for boys and girls, respectively (Results from the bivariate analysis)
From: Maternal and perinatal conditions and the risk of developing celiac disease during childhood
Maternal and perinatal exposures | All children | Boys | Girls | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR (95 % CI) | P-value | OR (95 % CI) | P-value | OR (9 5% CI) | P-value | ||
Maternal age (years) | <25 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
25–29 | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) | 0.01 | 1.1 (0.9–1.3) | 0.06 | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) | 0.005 | |
30–34 | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | 0.4 | 0.9 (0.9–1.1) | 0.68 | 1.9 (1.9–1.1) | 0.4 | |
≥35 | 0.7 (0.7–0.8) | <0.001 | 0.7 (0.6–0.9) | <0.001 | 0.8 (0.7–0.8) | <0.001 | |
Disposable income (per 100 SEK) | Low | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Middle | 1.2 (1.1–1.2) | <0.001 | 1.1 (1.0–1.3) | 0.07 | 1.2 (1.1–1.2) | <0.001 | |
High | 0.8 (0.8–0.9) | <0.001 | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | <0.001 | 0.8 (0.8–0.9) | <0.001 | |
Smoking during pregnancy | No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Yes | 1.0 (0.9–1.1) | 0.59 | 0.9 (0.9–1.1) | 0.57 | 1.1 (0.9–1.2) | 0.25 | |
Body mass index (kg/m2) | 18.50–24.99 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
<18.50 | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 0.87 | 0.9 (0.8–1.3) | 0.95 | 1.0 (0.8–1.3) | 0.86 | |
25.00–29.99 | 0.9 (0.9–0.9) | 0.03 | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) | 0.03 | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | 0.27 | |
≥30 | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.06 | 0.9 (0.7–1.0) | 0.05 | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.40 | |
Parity (n) | 1 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
2 | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) | <0.001 | 1.1 (1.1–1.2) | 0.01 | 1.2 (1.1–1.2) | <0.001 | |
≥3 | 0.9 (0.9–0.9) | 0.03 | 0.9 (0.9–1.1) | 0.51 | 0.9 (0.8–0.9) | 0.02 | |
Duration of pregnancy (weeks) | 37–45 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
<37 | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0.001 | 0.8 (0.7–0.9) | 0.04 | 0.9 (0.7–0.9) | 0.02 | |
Premature rupture of the membrane | No | 1.00 | 1.0 | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 0.6 (0.5–0.9) | 0.002 | 0.4 (0.2–0.7) | 0.001 | 0.8 (0.6–1.2) | 0.28 | |
Mode of delivery | Vaginal | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Caesarean | 0.9 (0.9–1.0) | 0.09 | 0.9 (0.9–1.1) | 0.49 | 0.9 (0.9–1.1) | 0.25 | |
Caesarean delivery | Vaginal | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Elective | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.14 | 0.8 (0.7–1.0) | 0.03 | 0.9 (0.9–1.1) | 0.73 | |
Emergency | 0.9 (0.9–1.1) | 0.43 | 1.1 (0.9–1.2) | 0.29 | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.23 | |
Infant birth weight (grams) | ≥2500 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
1500–2499 | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.16 | 0.9 (0.7–1.1) | 0.38 | 0.9 (0.8–1.0) | 0.15 | |
<1500 | 0.6 (0.4–0.9) | 0.01 | 0.4 (0.2–0.8) | 0.01 | 0.7 (0.5–1.1) | 0.15 | |
Sex | Male | 1.0 | |||||
Female | 1.8 (1.8–1.9) | <0.001 | |||||
Small for gestational age | No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Yes | 0.9 (0.8–1.1) | 0.46 | 0.9 (0.7–1.3) | 0.69 | 0.9 (0.8–1.2) | 0.49 | |
Apgar score at 5 min | ≥7 | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
<7 | 0.6 (0.4–0.8) | <0.001 | 0.8 (0.5–1.1) | 0.18 | 0.5 (0.3–0.8) | 0.001 | |
Maternal infectionsa | No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Yes | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 0.01 | 1.0 (0.9–1.2) | 0.67 | 1.1 (1.0–1.2) | 0.005 | |
Neonatal infections | No | 1.0 | 1.0 | 1.0 | |||
Yes | 1.1 (0.9–1.2) | 0.43 | 1.2 (0.9–1.7) | 0.24 | 1.1 (0.8–1.5) | 0.50 | |