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Table 3 Multivariable associations of maternal pre-pregnancy obesity status and BMI with offspring USS and blood-based markers of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (N = 1 215 or 2 359 as indicated)

From: Association of maternal diabetes/glycosuria and pre-pregnancy body mass index with offspring indicators of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

 

Pre-pregnancy BMI category

Per SD of BMI

Underweight/normal (reference category)

Overweight/obese

P value

 

P value

USS fatty liver

N

15/966a

10/249a

 

25/1 215a

 
 

Odds ratio (95 % confidence intervals)

 

Odds ratio (95 % confidence intervals)

 

Model 1

1

2.72 (1.20, 6.15)

0.02

1.66 (1.27, 2.17)

<0.001

Model 2

1

2.70 (1.18, 6.17)

0.02

1.68 (1.28, 2.21)

<0.001

Model 3

1

2.45 (1.06, 5.99)

0.04

1.63 (1.23, 2.17)

0.001

Model 4

1

0.36 (0.11, 1.14)

0.08

0.86 (0.58, 1.28)

0.46

USS liver volume

N

966

249

 

1 215

 
 

Ratio of geometric means (95 % confidence intervals)

 

Ratio of geometric means (95 % confidence intervals)

 

Model 1

1

1.03 (1.00, 1.07)

0.01

1.03 (1.02, 1.04)

<0.001

Model 2

1

1.03 (1.00, 1.07)

0.02

1.03 (1.02, 1.05)

<0.001

Model 3

1

1.01 (0.98, 1.05)

0.04

1.02 (1.00, 1.04)

0.001

Model 4

1

0.98 (0.95, 1.02)

0.75

1.01 (1.00, 1.02)

0.19

USS shear velocity

N

966

249

 

1 215

 
 

Ratio of geometric means (95 % confidence intervals)

 

Ratio of geometric means (95 % confidence intervals)

 

Model 1

1

1.03 (1.01, 1.06)

0.08

1.02 (1.01, 1.03)

<0.001

Model 2

1

1.03 (1.01, 1.06)

0.08

1.02 (1.01, 1.03)

0.001

Model 3

1

1.03 (1.00, 1.05)

0.38

1.02 (1.00, 1.03)

0.002

Model 4

1

1.00 (0.98, 1.03)

0.46

1.00 (0.99, 1.02)

0.37

ALT

     

N

1 921

438

 

2 359

 
 

Ratio of geometric means (95 % confidence intervals)

 

Ratio of geometric means (95 % confidence intervals)

 

Model 1

1

1.03 (0.98, 1.08)

0.21

1.02 (1.00, 1.04)

0.06

Model 2

1

1.03 (0.98, 1.07)

0.25

1.01 (0.99, 1.04)

0.35

Model 3

1

1.03 (0.99, 1.08)

0.19

1.02 (1.00, 1.04)

0.04

Model 4

1

0.95 (0.91, 1.00)

0.04

0.98 (0.96, 1.00)

0.05

AST

 

N

1 921

438

2,359

2 359

 
 

Ratio of geometric means (95 % confidence intervals)

 

Ratio of geometric means (95 % confidence intervals)

 

Model 1

1

0.99 (0.96, 1.02)

0.550

1.00 (0.99, 1.01)

0.54

Model 2

1

0.99 (0.96, 1.02)

0.45

0.99 (0.97, 1.01)

0.32

Model 3

1

0.99 (0.96, 1.02)

0.60

1.00 (0.99, 1.01)

0.72

Model 4

1

0.97 (0.95, 1.00)

0.07

0.99 (0.98, 1.00)

0.05

GGT

N

1 921

438

2,359

2 359

 
 

Ratio of geometric means (95 % confidence intervals)

 

Ratio of geometric means (95 % confidence intervals)

 

Model 1

1

1.02 (0.98, 1.05)

0.39

1.01 (0.99, 1.02)

0.26

Model 2

1

1.02 (0.98, 1.05)

0.38

1.00 (0.97, 1.02)

0.74

Model 3

1

1.02 (0.98, 1.06)

0.29

1.01 (1.00, 1.03)

0.16

Model 4

1

0.95 (0.92, 0.99)

0.01

0.98 (0.97, 0.99)

0.01

Haptoglobin

N

1 921

438

 

2 359

 
 

Ratio of geometric means (95 % confidence intervals)

 

Ratio of geometric means (95 % confidence intervals)

 

Model 1

1

1.03 (0.98, 1.10)

0.96

1.02 (1.00, 1.05)

0.04

Model 2

1

1.03 (0.97, 1.09)

0.97

1.00 (0.97, 1.04)

0.79

Model 3

1

1.03 (0.97, 1.10)

0.30

1.02 (1.00, 1.05)

0.05

Model 4

1

0.96 (0.90, 1.02)

0.18

0.99 (0.97, 1.01)

0.41

  1. USS Ultrasound scan, ALT alanine amino transferase, AST aspartate amino transferase, GGT gamma- glutamyltransferase
  2. anumerator represents the number of offspring with USS fatty liver
  3. Model 1: adjusted for offspring age at outcome assessment and gender
  4. Model 2: (confounder adjusted) as model 1 plus additional adjustment for maternal age, parity, maternal alcohol intake, highest household manual social class
  5. Model 3: (confounder and mediator adjusted) as model 2 plus additional adjustment for birthweight for gestational age
  6. Model 4: (confounder and mediator adjusted) as model 2 plus additional adjustment for DXA-assessed fat mass, height and height squared
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BMC Pediatrics

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