Table 1 Comparison of maternal and offspring characteristics of participants who were included in either the USS based outcomes and/or blood-based outcome analyses, to participants not included in either analyses but attended clinic at age 17–18 years and to those who did not attend the clinic at age 17–18 years

Maternal

Pre-pregnancy BMI (mean, SD)

2 753

22.8 (3.7)

1 520

23.0 (3.7)

0.15

6,940

23.0 (4.0)

0.01

Pre-pregnancy BMI (N, %)

2 753

1 520

0.15

6,940

0.004

Underweight/Normal

2 234 (81.2)

1 206 (79.3)

5,451 (78.4)

Overweight/Obese

519 (18.9)

314 (20.7)

1,489 (21.5)

Diabetes status (N, %)

2 753

1 770

0.98

7,480

0.93

No diabetes or glycosuria

2 639 (95.9)

1 697 (95.9)

7 173 (95.9)

Existing diabetes/Gestational diabetes/Glycosuria

114 (4.1)

73 (4.1)

307 (4.1)

Maternal age (years) (mean, SD)

2 753

29.5 (4.5)

1 953

28.8 (4.7)

<0.001

8,864

27.3 (5.0)

<0.001

Parity (N, %)

2 753

1 797

0.99

8,003

<0.001

0

1 326 (48.2)

866 (48.2)

3 444 (43.0)

1

988 (35.9)

591 (32.9)

2 801 (35.0)

2+

439 (16.0)

340 (18.9)

1 758 (22.0)

Pre pregnancy alcohol intake (N, %)

2 753

s

<0.001

8,071

<0.001

<1 glass per week

1 141 (41.5)

863 (46.8)

3 833 (47.5)

1+ glass per week

1 612 (58.6)

980 (53.2)

4 238 (52.5)

Family social class (N, %)

2 753

1 594

<0.001

6,829

<0.001

Non-manual

2 432 (88.3)

1 344 (84.3)

5 228 (76.6)

Manual

321 (11.7)

250 (15.7)

1 601 (23.4)

Offspring

Age (months) (mean, SD)

2 753

213.5 (4.7)

1 864

213.5 (5.3)

0.97

Male (N, %)

2 753

1 300 (47.2)

1 953

676 (39.3)

<0.001

8,862

4 938 (55.7)

<0.001

Gestational age (weeks) (mean, SD)

2 753

39.5 (1.7)

1 953

39.5 (1.9)

0.42

8,864

39.5 (1.9)

0.17

Birthweight (g) (mean, SD)

2 753

3449.6 (514.1)

1 900

3400.0 (538.7)

0.002

8,746

3406.2 (546.7)

<0.001

Fat mass (g) (mean, SD)

2 753

17462.3 (9836.2)

1 670

19661.2 (11434.4)

<0.001

Ultrasound fatty liver (N, %)

1 215

25 (2.1)

381

11 (2.9)

0.34

Ultrasound liver volume (cm³) (median, IQR)

1 215

1581.1 (1305.8, 1856.5)

450

1588.6 (1302.1, 1875.9)

0.94

Ultrasound shear velocity (m/sec) (median, IQR)

1 215

1.2 (1.1, 1.3)

382

1.3 (1.1, 1.3)

0.05

ALT (U/l) (median, IQR)

2 359

15.0 (12.0, 19.5)

614

15.2 (11.7, 19.7)

0.60

AST (U/l) (median, IQR)

2 359

19.6 (16.8, 23.2)

614

19.6 (16.6, 23.3)

0.35

GGT (U/l) (median, IQR)

2 359

16.0 (13.0, 21.0)

614

16.0 (13.0, 21.0)

0.63

Haptoglobin (g/l) (median, IQR)

2 359

1.0 (0.7, 1.3)

608

1.0 (0.7, 1.3)

0.41

Glucose (mmol/l) (median, IQR)

2 350

5.0 (4.8, 5.2)

651

5.0 (4.8, 5.3)

Insulin (pmol/l) (median, IQR)

2 322

39.6 (29.0, 55.7)

628

43.6 (31.0, 59.2)

Triglycerides (mmol/l) (median, IQR)

2 350

0.8 (0.6, 1.0)

651

0.8 (0.6, 1.0)

Total cholesterol (median, IQR)

2 350

3.7 (3.3, 4.2)

651

3.7 (3.2, 4.2)

LDLc (mmol/l) (median, IQR)

2 350

0.3 (0.3, 0.5)

651

0.3 (0.3, 0.4)

HDLc (mmol/l) (median, IQR)

2 350

1.2 (1.1, 1.4)

651

1.2 (1.1, 1.5)