Fig. 1

Patients with congenital diaphragmatic hernia. Exclusions: other types of congenital diaphragmal hernia (n = 4): Morgagni hernia, paraesophageal hernia, central hernia, severe diaphragmatic eventration. Lethal anomaly (n = 1) Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18) *Early presentation is defined as respiratory distress immediately after birth requiring endotracheal intubation; ^†Late presentation is defined as respiratory distress either absent or present >6 h after delivery