Associations of pubertal stage and body mass index with cardiometabolic risk in Hong Kong Chinese children: A cross-sectional study

Table 2 Association between pubertal stage and cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs)

	Male (n = 828)				Female (n = 1157)
	Pre-pubertal¹ (n = 205)	Pubertal² (n = 306)	Late /Post-pubertal ³ (n = 317)	p-value⁴	Pre-pubertal¹ (n = 178)	Pubertal² (n = 370)	Late/Post-pubertal³ (n = 609)	p-value ⁴
Age (y) [median (IQR)]	9.5 (8.3 – 11.0)	12.1 (10.5 – 13.5)	16.0 (15.1 – 17.2)		8.4 (7.6 – 9.3)	12.1 (10.8 – 13.8)	15.9 (14.7 – 17.3)
Cardiometabolic risk factors [N(%)]
Increased waist circumference⁵	48 (23.4 %)	59 (19.3 %)	41 (12.9 %)	0.007	18 (10.1 %)	55 (14.9 %)	120 (19.7 %)	0.005
High triglyceride⁶	28 (14.4 %)	29 (9.7 %)	20 (6.3 %)	0.011	15 (9.0 %)	46 (12.5 %)	55 (9.0 %)	0.190
Low HDL-C⁷	18 (9.2 %)	28 (9.3 %)	26 (8.2 %)	0.873	17 (10.2 %)	26 (7.1 %)	35 (5.7 %)	0.128
High fasting plasma glucose⁸	3 (1.5 %)	7 (2.3 %)	10 (3.2 %)	0.573	0 (0.0 %)	9 (2.4 %)	7 (1.1 %)	0.065
High blood pressure⁹	58 (28.3 %)	62 (20.3 %)	46 (14.5 %)	0.001	32 (18.0 %)	62 (16.8 %)	72 (11.8 %)	0.033
Clustering of the above CMRFs¹⁰	9 (4.6 %)	12 (4.0 %)	10 (3.2 %)	0.705	3 (1.8 %)	10 (2.7 %)	10 (1.6 %)	0.495
Overweight/obese¹¹	77 (37.6 %)	79 (25.8 %)	49 (15.5 %)	<0.001	28 (15.7 %)	57 (15.4 %)	104 (17.1 %)	0.768
Obese ¹²	37 (18.0 %)	30 (9.8 %)	9 (2.8 %)	<0.001	9 (5.1 %)	21 (5.7 %)	31 (5.1 %)	0.915
Cardiometabolic Risk Score [mean (SD)]
Cardiometabolic Risk Score α¹³	0.65 (3.38)	0.38 (3.26)	0.55 (3.05)	0.620	−0.49 (2.96)	0.22 (2.72)	0.41 (2.92)	0.002
Cardiometabolic Risk Score β¹⁴	0.61 (2.88)	0.36 (2.60)	0.60 (2.59)	0.460	−0.08 (2.45)	0.23 (2.30)	0.28 (2.46)	0.220

Pre-pubertal :Tanner pubertal stage 1
Pubertal : Tanner pubertal stages 2 and 3
Late/Post-pubertal : Tanner pubertal stages 4 and 5
*p-value testing the statistical significance of the association between each of the CMRFs and pubertal stage
Waist circumference ≥90^th percentile (age- and sex-specific)
Triglyceride ≥90^th percentile (age- and sex-specific)
High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ≥10th percentile (age- and sex-specific)
Fasting plasma glucose ≥ 5.6 mmol/L
Systolic blood pressure (BP)/diastolic BP ≥90th percentile (age, sex and height specific)
^†Clustering of cardiometabolic risk factors (CMRFs) was defined as 3 or more of the above 5 CMRF
Overweight : Body mass index (BMI) ≥85th percentile and <95th percentile (age- and sex-specific)
Obese : BMI ≥95^th percentile (age- and sex-specific)
Cardiometabolic risk score α = Sum of components’ z score: Components of cardiometabolic risk score α includes z-score of sex-specific, age-adjusted waist circumference, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (also height-adjusted), fasting plasma glucose, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and minus z-score of sex-specific age-adjusted high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). Cardiometabolic risk score β includes all components of risk score α except waist circumference

ISSN: 1471-2431