Table 2 Caregiver hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) across children’s and caregivers’ characteristics
Characteristics | N | HCC | P value |
|---|---|---|---|
Mean (SD) | |||
Child characteristics | |||
Sex | |||
Boys | 36 | 4.44 (3.06) | 0.723 |
Girls | 49 | 4.43 (3.38) | |
Age | |||
11-14 years | 40 | 4.27 (3.01) | 0.270 |
15-17 years | 31 | 5.17 (3.84) | |
18-20 years | 14 | 3.26 (1.81) | |
Disability diagnosis1 | |||
Mental and behavioral disorders | 25 | 4.27 (3.16) | 0.947 |
Diseases of musculoskeletal system & connective/skin tissue | 20 | 3.85 (2.19) | |
Diseases of the nervous system | 26 | 5.15 (4.20) | |
Congenital malformations & chromosomal abnormalities | 14 | 4.22 (2.51) | |
Medication use | |||
No | 50 | 4.37 (3.03) | 0.780 |
Yes | 35 | 4.52 (3.54) | |
Poor diet quality | |||
No | 59 | 4.13 (2.92) | 0.500 |
Yes | 26 | 5.11 (3.83) | |
Caffeinated beverage consumption | |||
No | 36 | 4.22 (3.33) | 0.313 |
Yes | 49 | 4.59 (3.18) | |
Screen time ≥ 2 hours/day | |||
No | 38 | 4.80 (3.85) | 0.396 |
Yes | 46 | 4.06 (2.61) | |
Sleep duration, % | |||
<8 hrs | 28 | 4.58 (3.77) | 0.655 |
8-9 hrs | 33 | 4.67 (3.29) | |
≥9 hrs | 24 | 3.93 (2.45) | |
Caregiver characteristics | |||
Caregiver-child relationship, % | |||
Mother | 71 | 4.46 (3.11) | 0.355 |
Father | 8 | 2.93 (1.53) | |
Grandmother | 2 | 10.16 (9.39) | |
Other (2 old sisters/1 old cousin/1 step-father) | 4 | 4.05 (2.01) | |
Sex | |||
Men | 10 | 3.08 (1.45) | 0.349 |
Women | 75 | 4.61 (3.36) | |
Marital status | |||
Married or living with a partner | 58 | 4.50 (3.21) | 0.608 |
Other | 27 | 4.29 (3.33) | |
Education | |||
<High school | 38 | 5.48 (3.99) | 0.143 |
High school | 24 | 3.50 (1.62) | |
>High school | 23 | 3.69 (2.62) | |
Current smoking | |||
No | 47 | 3.87 (2.92) | 0.109 |
Yes | 38 | 5.13 (3.49) | |
Hair color | |||
Black | 40 | 4.55 (3.00) | 0.888 |
Brown | 42 | 4.40 (3.56) | |
Other | 3 | 3.46 (1.33) | |
Hair structure | |||
Straight | 54 | 4.15 (2.83) | 0.608 |
Curly | 31 | 4.92 (3.82) | |
Hair treatment2 | |||
No | 30 | 3.89 (2.69) | 0.432 |
Yes | 55 | 4.73 (3.48) | |
Perceived stress | |||
Low (PSS-14 score < 27) | 60 | 4.44 (3.11) | 0.749 |
High (PSS-14 score ≥ 27) | 25 | 4.43 (3.56) | |
Obesity status | |||
Normal weight (BMI < 25) | 8 | 3.73 (2.79) | 0.446 |
Overweight (BMI: 25-29) | 47 | 4.23 (3.34) | |
Obesity (BMI ≥ 30) | 30 | 4.94 (3.19) |