Passive smoking as a risk factor of anemia in young children aged 0–35 months in Jordan

Hong, Rathavuth; Betancourt, Jose A; Ruiz-Beltran, Martin

doi:10.1186/1471-2431-7-16

BMC Pediatrics

Table 1 Sample distribution and prevalence of anemia among children aged 0–35 months by passive smoking status and other selected characteristics, Jordan 2002

From: Passive smoking as a risk factor of anemia in young children aged 0–35 months in Jordan

Characteristic	Number of children	Percent distribution of children	Percentage of children with anemia
Jordan	740	-	19.3
Passive smoking status-1
None of parents smoke	259	35.0	18.8
One of parents smoke	423	57.1	16.5
Both parents smoke	59	7.9	41.6
Passive smoking status-2
None of parents smoke	259	35.0	18.8
Mother smoke	68	9.1	37.8
Father smoke	414	55.9	16.6
Child's age (months)
0–11	301	40.7	22.8
12–23	257	34.8	20.9
24–35	181	24.5	11.3
Child's sex
Boy	392	52.9	18.7
Girl	348	47.1	20.0
Child's birth order
1	124	16.8	21.7
2	123	16.6	20.3
3	150	20.3	17.7
4+	343	46.3	18.8
Birth weight
≥ 2,500 g	665	89.9	18.2
< 2,500 g	73	9.9	27.8
Breastfeeding status (months)
Never	26	3.5	24.2
0–11	415	56.1	20.3
12–17	177	24.0	17.4
18–23	88	11.9	22.1
≥ 24	34	4.6	6.2
Stunted ^†
Not stunted	659	89.1	18.8
Moderately stunted	41	5.6	20.9
Severely stunted	10	1.4	60.4
Iron intake during pregnancy
Not taken	199	26.9	17.3
1–2 trimesters	437	59.1	21.6
3 trimesters	100	13.5	13.8
Mother's anemia
No/mild	519	70.1	17.9
Moderate/severe	213	28.2	22.8
Mother's age at childbirth (years)
13–24	189	25.6	25.1
25–34	426	57.6	18.6
35–49	124	16.8	12.8
Mother's BMI (kg/m ²)
18.5 – 24.9	264	35.6	19.5
< 18.5	17	2.3	39.4
≥ 25.0	459	62.0	18.5
Mother's education
No education	26	3.5	26.8
Primary or less	67	9.1	16.6
Secondary or higher	647	87.5	19.3
Household wealth status ^¶
Low	250	33.8	22.5
Middle	304	41.2	17.1
High	186	25.1	18.6
Safe drinking water ^$
No	54	7.3	22.1
Yes	686	92.7	19.1
Hygienic toilet ^@
No	97	13.1	35.9
Yes	643	86.9	16.8
Urban/rural
Urban	547	73.9	18.1
Rural	193	26.1	22.6
Geographic region*
Central	491	66.4	19.9
Northern	175	23.7	18.2
Southern	74	10.0	17.8

^†A stunted (chronically under-nourished) child was defined as having his/her height-for-age more than two standard deviations below the median of an international reference population recommended by the World Health Organization. Children with a height-for-age z-score below -2 standard deviations but above -3 standard deviations were defined as moderately stunted, and those below -3 standard deviations were defined as severely stunted.
^¶Household wealth is calculated base on the possession of household assets and characteristics included radio, television, refrigerator, car, truck, main floor material, and electricity using principle component analysis.
^$Safe sources of drinking water include piped water and tube well.
^@Hygienic toilet includes flush (own/shared) toilet connecting to sewage or having a septic tank *Jordan is divided into 12 administrative governorates, which are grouped into three regions – the North region (Irbid, Jarash, Ajloun, and Mafraq), the Central region (Amman, Zarqa, Balqa, and Madaba), and the South region (Karak, Tafielah, Ma'an, and Aqaba).

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ISSN: 1471-2431

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