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Table 2 Mean and 95% Confidence Interval (95% CIs) of the height-for-age z-score, at preschool age (0 – 5 years old) and current (10 – 17 years old), of adolescents selected characteristics

From: Effect of tobacco smoke exposure during pregnancy and preschool age on growth from birth to adolescence: a cohort study

 

N

Height-for-age 0 – 5 years

Height-for-age 10 – 17 years

Mean

95% CI

Mean

95% CI

Gender

     

  Male

1224

−0.20

−0.28; −0.12

0.21

0.14; 0.28

  Female

1181

−0.14

−0.22; −0.07

0.26

0.20; 0.33

  

p < 0.01

p = 0.29

Age (years)

     

  10

409

−0.24

−0.36; −0.13

0.27

0.17; 0.37

  11

551

−0.11

−0.22; −0.01

0.31

0.22; 0.39

  12

322

−0.16

−0.29; −0.04

0.31

0.19; 0.42

  13

183

−0.12

−0.29; −0.05

0.25

0.10; 0.39

  ≥ 14

251

−0.26

−0.37; −0.15

−0.08

−0.19; 0.03

  

p = 0.31

p < 0.01

Socioeconomic position at preschool age *

    

  A (high-income)

86

0.31

0.03; 0.59

0.59

0.30; 0.87

  B

289

0.13

−0.2; 0.28

0.41

0.29; 0.54

  C

1019

−0.13

−0.21; −0.05

0.28

0.21; 0.35

  D

807

−0.35

−0.45; −0.25

0.13

0.05; 0.21

  E (low-income)

204

−0.33

−0.52; −0.15

−0.01

−0.17; 0.15

  

p < 0.01

p < 0.01

Current Socioeconomic position *

   

  A (high-income)

86

0.16

−0.05; 0.38

0.49

0.26; 0.71

  B

603

0.00

−0.08; 0.09

0.33

0.25; 0.41

  C

959

−0.29

−0.36; −0.21

0.17

0.11; 0.24

  D e E (low-income)

68

−0.61

−0.92; −0.30

0.14

−0.40; 0.12

  

p < 0.01

p < 0.01

Maternal schooling (years)

   

  ≥ 12

206

0.41

−0.09; 0.17

0.39

0.26; 0.51

  9 – 11

638

−0.11

−0.18; −0.03

0.28

0.21; 0.35

  5 – 8

1363

−0.31

−0.42; −0.20

0.15

0.06; 0.23

  0 – 4

177

−0.44

−0.66; −0.23

−0.04

−0.25; 0.18

  

p < 0.01

p < 0.01

Paternal schooling (years)

   

  ≥ 12

221

0.05

−0.09; 0.18

0.37

0.25; 0.49

  9 – 11

555

−0.06

−0.14; 0.02

0.31

0.23; 0.38

  5 – 8

1044

−0.03

−0.41; −0.19

0.17

0.08; 0.26

  0 – 4

136

−0.27

−0.46; −0.07

0.20

0.03; 0.38

  

p < 0.01

p = 0.03

Maternal height

     

  1° tertile

795

−0.57

−0.66; 0.48

−0.14

−0.22; −0.66

  2° tertile

795

−0.06

−0.15; 0.03

0.23

0.15; 0.31

  3° tertile

794

0.11

0.01; 0.20

0.61

0.54; 0.69

  

p < 0.01

p < 0.01

Birth weight (g)

     

  ≥ 4000

143

0.45

0.23; 0.66

0.55

0.38; 0.74

  3000-3999

1619

−0.02

−0.08; 0.05

0.29

0.23; 0.35

  2500-2999

483

−0.60

−0.69; −0.47

0.04

−0.06; 0.15

  < 2500

160

−1.17

−1.40; −0.93

−0.06

−0.26; 0.14

  

p < 0.01

p < 0.01

Breastfeeding

     

  Any

1945

−0,24

−0.30; 0.19

0.24

0.18; 0.29

  Never

460

0.09

−0.04; 0.22

0.22

0.10; 0.33

  

p < 0.10

p = 0.72

Maternal smoking during pregnancy and childhood

    

  During both periods

212

−0.56

−0.74; −0.38

−0,02

−0.21; 0.17

  Only during childhood

76

−0.22

−0.48; 0.04

0,07

−0.19; 0.34

  Only during pregnancy

59

−0.46

−0.76; 0.17

0,23

−0.19; 0.67

  No smoking

2042

−0.14

−0.19; −0.09

0,24

0.22; 0.32

  

p = 0.01

p < 0.01

  1. p value from t test or ANOVA.
  2. *According to the criteria of the Brazilian Marketing Research Association (childhood: 2003, adolescent: 2008): based on the number of home appliances, cars and paid maids, and education level of the head of household.
  3. Missing values: current socioeconomic position: 2; maternal schooling: 21; paternal schooling: 449; maternal height: 4.
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BMC Pediatrics

ISSN: 1471-2431

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