Table 1 Included studies characteristics and prevalence rates*

Armstrong [15]

Australia

0-95

246

3

11.4 (8.0-16.0)

21.9 (17.2-27.6)

33.3 (27.7-39.5)

66.7 (60.5-72.3)

Bethell [29]

USA

10-71

22883

8

9.6(9.2-10.0)

15.9 (15.5-16.4)

25.5 (25.0-26.1)

74.5 (73.9-75.0)

CHIS [50]

USA

4-60

2884

7

25.6 (23.6-27.5)

17.4 (15.6-19.2

43.0 (41.2-44.8)

57.0 (55.2-58.8)

CHIS [49]

USA

4-60

3029

7

19.9 (18.3-21.5)

18.0 (16.4-19.6)

37.9 (36.2-39.2)

62.2 (60.4-63.9)

CHIS [48]

USA

4-60

3058

7

26.3 (24.5-28.2)

18.3(16.7-19.9)

44.7 (72.9-46.4)

55.3 (53.6-57.1)

CHIS [47]

USA

4 to 60

3096

7

20.1 (17.6-22.5)

19.7 (17.4-22.0)

39.8 (38.1-41.5)

60.2 (58.5-61.9)

Chuan [24]

Malaysia

12-72

86

2

26 (17.5-35.8)

NA

NA

17.0 (10.8-27.0)

Coghlan [28]

Australia

18-69

262

3

9.2 (6.2-13.3)

18.7 (14.4-23.9)

27.9 (22.8-33.6)

72.1 (66.4-77.2)

Davies [25]

UK

0-24

76

5

2.6 (0.2-9.8)

13.2 (7.2-22.8)

15.8 (9.2-25.8)

84.2 (74.2-90.8)

Glascoe [32]

USA

24-84

408

5

NA

NA

34.6 (30.1-39.3)

65.4 (60.7-69.9)

Glascoe [58]

USA

3-93 (mean 46.5 SD 21.8)

771

5

11.0 (9–13.4)

26.0 (23.0-29.2)

37.0 (33.6-40.4)

63.0 (59.6-66.4)

Glascoe [33]

USA

mean 36

257

4

41.0 (35.0-47.0)

40.0 (34.3-46.2)

81.0 (75.6-85.3)

19.0 (14.7-24.4)

Glascoe [33]

USA

mean 36

744

4

23.0 (20.1-26.2)

26.0 (22.9-29.2)

49.0 (45.4-52.5)

51.0 (47.5-54.7)

Glascoe [14]

USA

0.3-95 (mean 26 SD 20.6)

47531

6

4.5 (4.3-4.7)

13.7 (13.4-14.0)

18.2 (17.9-18.6)

81.8 (81.5-82.1)

Gustawan [59]

Indonesia

3-12

170

3

NA

NA

31.0 (24.2-37.9)

69.0 (62.1-75.8)

Ibironke [56]

USA

6-71 (mean 38.5 SD 18.4)

2381

7

NA

NA

21.4 (19.8-23.1)

78.6 (76.9-80.2)

Kiing [41]

Singapore

1-83

1806

3

7.5 (6.4-8.8)

26.0 (24.1-28.1)

33.5 (31.4-35.7)

66.0 (64.3-68.6)

Kosht-Fedyshin [42]

Tanzania

0-60

20

4

35.0 (18.1-56.9)

0.0

35.0 (18.1-56.9)

65.0 (43.1-81.9)

Limbos [43]

Canada

12-60

331

5

13.9 (10.6-18.1)

39.6 (34.5-45.0)

53.5 (48.1-58.8)

46.5 (41.2-51.9)

Malhi [44]

India

24-60

79

2

NA

NA

39.2 (29.2-50.3)

60.8 (49.7-70.8)

Matibag [45]

Philippines

24-60 (mean 53.6)

283

2

15.0 (11.2-19.5)

NA

NA

NA

McGookin [35]

USA

9-24

385

3

5.2(3.4-8.0)

17.4 (13.9-21.5)

22.6 (18.7-27.1)

77.4 (73.0-81.3)

Ng [18]

Canada

0-83 (mean 46.1)

419

6

9.3 (6.9-12.5)

18.9 (15.4-22.9)

28.2 (24.1-32.7)

72.0 (67.3-75.9)

NSCH (2011/2012) [16]

USA

4-60

28540

8

77.0 (10.1-11.9)

15.2 (14.3-16.1)

26.2(25.7-26.7)

73.8 (72.7-75.0)

Oreto [46]

Philippines

0-84 (means 53)

318

4

15.1 (11.6-19.5)

17.0 (13.3-21.5)

32.1 (27.2-37.4)

67.9 (62.6-72.8)

Palarca [51]

Philippines

0.5-96 (means 52.6)

421

3

9.0 (6.6-12.2)

5.0 (3.3-7.6)

14.0 (11.0-17.7)

86.0 (82.3-89.0)

Restall (2009) [52]

Canada

60

290

6

13.1 (9.7-17.5)

32.4 (27.3-38.0)

45.5 (39.9-51.3)

54.5 (48.7-60.1)

Rose-Jacobs [37]

USA

4-36

2010

5

13.8 (12.4-15.4)

NA

NA

NA

Roux [26]

USA

<60

2845

3

28.2 (26.6-29.9)

27.5 (25.9-29.2)

55.7 (53.9-57.5)

44.3 (42.5-46.1)

Sarmiento Campos [31]

Spain

6-42

1089

3

8.5 (7.0-10.4)

23.0 (20.7-25.7)

31.6 (28.9-34.4)

68.4 (65.6-71.1)

Sices [38]

USA

9-31 (means 17.6 SD 6.1)

60

2

26.7 (17.1-39.1)

10.0 (4.4-20.6)

36.7 (25.6-49.4)

63.3(50.6-74.4)

Stevens [7]

USA

4.35

2068

6

23.4 (21.6-25.3)

24.9 (23.1-26.8)

48.3 (46.2-50.5)

51.7 (49.5-53.9)

Theeranate [53]

Thailand

0-72

216

3

NA

NA

4.2 (2.1-7.9)

95.8 (92.1-97.9)

Tough [40]

Canada

Mean 38 (SD 8)

792

4

10.8 (8.9-13.2)

30.2 (27.1-33.5)

41.0 (37.7-44.5)

59.0 (55.5-62.3)

VSEHQ (2008) [54]

Australia

60-83

54602

6

7.2 (7.0-7.4)

16.5 (16.2-16.8)

23.7 (23.3-24.0)

76.3 (76.0-76.7)

Wake [55]

Australia

63.4-90

853

3

NA

NA

35.0 (31.9-38.3)

65.0 (61.7-68.1)

Zuckerman [34]

USA

<72

24933

7

NA

NA

22.4 (21.9-23.0)

77.6 (77.05-78.1)