Energy/nutrient | Reference values | Girls (n = 64) | Boys (n = 56) | All children (n = 120) | P | Girls (n = 64) | Boys (n = 56) | All children (n = 120) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Mean | SD | Â | Median | SE | Median | SE | Median | SE | ||
Energy | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(kcal) | body weight dependent | 1781 | 310 | 1907 | 318 | 1840 | 319 | 0.035 | 1746 | 39 | 1863 | 43 | 1812 | 29 |
(kJ) | 7462 | 1298 | 7986 | 1332 | 7707 | 1335 | 0.034 | 7313 | 162 | 7809 | 178 | 7589 | 122 | |
Total protein | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(g) | body weight dependent | 59.1 | 10.8 | 62.6 | 12.1 | 60.7 | 11.5 | 0.145 | 57.1 | 1.3 | 60.5 | 1.6 | 58.4 | 1.1 |
(g/kg body weight) | 0.841 | 2.6 | 0.6 | 2.7 | 0.5 | 2.7 | 0.6 | 0.758 | 2.5 | 0.8 | 2.7 | 0.7 | 2.6 | 0.5 |
(% of energy) | 10-15% | 13.4 | 1.8 | 13.3 | 1.7 | 13.4 | 1.7 | 0.935 | 13.0 | 0.2 | 13.7 | 0.2 | 13.2 | 0.2 |
(g/1000Â kcal) | NA | 33.4 | 4.4 | 32.9 | 4.2 | 33.2 | 4.3 | 0.908 | 32.3 | 0.5 | 33.9 | 0.6 | 32.8 | 0.4 |
Animal protein | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(g) | NA | 40.1 | 9.4 | 41.7 | 10.5 | 40.8 | 9.9 | 0.386 | 38.9 | 1.2 | 40.9 | 1.4 | 39.3 | 0.9 |
(% of total protein) | NA | 67.4 | 5.3 | 66.0 | 6.3 | 66.7 | 5.8 | 0.538 | 68.1 | 0.7 | 68.0 | 0.8 | 68.1 | 0.5 |
(g/1000Â kcal) | NA | 22.7 | 4.6 | 22.0 | 4.5 | 22.3 | 4.6 | 0.929 | 22.1 | 0.6 | 22.8 | 0.6 | 22.3 | 0.4 |
Plant protein | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(g) | NA | 19.0 | 3.2 | 20.9 | 3.7 | 19.9 | 3.6 | 0.003 | 18.9 | 0.4 | 20.5 | 0.5 | 19.6 | 0.3 |
(% of total protein) | NA | 32.6 | 5.3 | 34.0 | 6.3 | 33.3 | 5.8 | 0.538 | 31.9 | 0.6 | 32.0 | 0.8 | 31.9 | 0.5 |
(g/1000Â kcal) | NA | 10.7 | 1.0 | 11.0 | 1.2 | 10.8 | 1.1 | 0.183 | 10.7 | 0.1 | 11.0 | 0.2 | 10.8 | 0.1 |
Total fat | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(g) | NA | 64.7 | 13.7 | 72.2 | 18.2 | 68.2 | 16.3 | 0.026 | 64.5 | 1.7 | 69.0 | 2.4 | 66.1 | 1.5 |
(% of energy) | 20-30% | 32.2 | 4.1 | 33.3 | 3.8 | 32.7 | 4.0 | 0.062 | 32.2 | 0.5 | 33.5 | 0.5 | 32.7 | 0.4 |
(g/1000Â kcal) | NA | 36.3 | 4.6 | 37.6 | 4.3 | 36.9 | 4.5 | 0.057 | 36.3 | 0.6 | 37.9 | 0.6 | 37.0 | 0.4 |
Saturated fatty acids | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(g) | NA | 27.87 | 6.82 | 31.98 | 9.14 | 29.79 | 8.21 | 0.006 | 27.89 | 0.85 | 30.64 | 1.22 | 29.13 | 0.75 |
(% of energy) | <10% | 14.1 | 2.3 | 14.9 | 2.3 | 14.5 | 2.3 | 0.038 | 14.0 | 0.3 | 14.6 | 0.3 | 14.4 | 0.2 |
(g/1000Â kcal) | NA | 15.62 | 2.50 | 16.59 | 2.54 | 16.07 | 2.56 | 0.038 | 15.56 | 0.31 | 16.21 | 0.34 | 16.05 | 0.23 |
Polyunsaturated fatty acids | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(g) | NA | 8.15 | 3.11 | 8.40 | 2.58 | 8.26 | 2.87 | 0.474 | 7.71 | 0.39 | 7.91 | 0.34 | 7.87 | 0.26 |
(% of energy) | 6-10% | 4.2 | 1.7 | 4.0 | 1.1 | 4.1 | 1.4 | 0.846 | 3.8 | 0.2 | 3.7 | 0.1 | 3.8 | 0.1 |
(g/1000Â kcal) | NA | 4.62 | 1.88 | 4.41 | 1.21 | 4.52 | 1.60 | 0.842 | 4.24 | 0.23 | 4.16 | 0.16 | 4.22 | 0.15 |
Monounsaturated fatty acids | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(g) | NA | 23.98 | 5.34 | 26.94 | 7.17 | 25.36 | 6.41 | 0.039 | 23.94 | 0.67 | 25.13 | 0.96 | 24.38 | 0.58 |
(% of energy) | >10%2 | 12.1 | 1.7 | 12.6 | 1.8 | 12.3 | 1.8 | 0.108 | 12.1 | 0.2 | 12.4 | 0.2 | 12.2 | 0.2 |
(g/1000Â kcal) | NA | 13.45 | 1.85 | 14.03 | 2.05 | 13.72 | 1.96 | 0.108 | 13.46 | 0.23 | 13.81 | 0.27 | 13.57 | 0.18 |
Cholesterol | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(mg) | <300 | 269 | 85 | 277 | 83 | 273 | 84 | 0.474 | 244 | 11 | 260 | 11 | 257 | 8 |
(g/1000Â kcal) | NA | 151 | 41 | 145 | 33 | 148 | 37 | 0.621 | 141 | 5 | 137 | 4 | 140 | 3 |
Total carbohydrates | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(g) | NA | 254.2 | 49.1 | 266.0 | 41.1 | 259.7 | 45.7 | 0.160 | 249.9 | 6.1 | 259.6 | 5.5 | 255.7 | 4.2 |
(g/1000Â kcal) | NA | 142.5 | 11.8 | 140.1 | 11.0 | 141.4 | 11.5 | 0.073 | 141.6 | 1.5 | 138.5 | 1.5 | 140.1 | 1.0 |
Available carbohydrates | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(g) | 1303 | 239.1 | 47.0 | 250.0 | 38.8 | 244.2 | 43.6 | 0.170 | 233.1 | 5.9 | 243.8 | 5.2 | 240.9 | 4.0 |
(% of energy) | 55-70%4 | 53.6 | 4.6 | 52.7 | 4.1 | 53.2 | 4.4 | 0.084 | 53.3 | 0.6 | 52.3 | 0.6 | 52.7 | 0.4 |
(g/1000Â kcal) | NA | 134.0 | 11.5 | 131.6 | 10.3 | 132.9 | 11.0 | 0.080 | 133.3 | 1.4 | 130.8 | 1.4 | 131.8 | 1.0 |
Lactose | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(g) | NA | 17.1 | 7.4 | 17.3 | 7.3 | 17.2 | 7.3 | 0.975 | 16.5 | 0.9 | 15.3 | 1.0 | 15.9 | 0.7 |
(% of energy) | NA | 3.9 | 1.6 | 3.6 | 1.4 | 3.7 | 1.5 | 0.420 | 3.9 | 0.2 | 3.6 | 0.2 | 3.6 | 0.1 |
(g/1000Â kcal) | NA | 9.6 | 4.0 | 9.1 | 3.5 | 9.4 | 3.8 | 0.420 | 9.7 | 0.5 | 8.9 | 0.5 | 9.1 | 0.3 |
Sucrose | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(g) | NA | 83.8 | 25.9 | 82.5 | 19.6 | 83.2 | 23.1 | 0.770 | 81.1 | 3.2 | 82.8 | 2.6 | 82.2 | 2.1 |
(% of energy) | NA | 18.6 | 4.1 | 17.4 | 3.5 | 18.0 | 3.9 | 0.035 | 18.7 | 0.5 | 17.5 | 0.5 | 18.2 | 0.4 |
(g/1000Â kcal) | NA | 46.5 | 10.3 | 43.4 | 8.9 | 45.1 | 9.7 | 0.035 | 46.6 | 1.3 | 43.8 | 1.2 | 45.6 | 0.9 |
Starch | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(g) | NA | 111.1 | 20.2 | 124.7 | 21.9 | 117.5 | 22.0 | 0.001 | 108.2 | 2.5 | 126.4 | 2.9 | 114.5 | 2.0 |
(% of energy) | NA | 25.1 | 3.0 | 26.3 | 3.0 | 25.6 | 3.0 | 0.030 | 24.6 | 0.4 | 26.0 | 0.4 | 25.3 | 0.3 |
(g/1000Â kcal) | NA | 62.7 | 7.4 | 65.7 | 7.5 | 64.1 | 7.6 | 0.030 | 61.5 | 0.9 | 65.1 | 1.0 | 63.3 | 0.7 |
Dietary fibre | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(g) | 145 | 15.2 | 3.0 | 16.0 | 3.6 | 15.6 | 3.3 | 0.166 | 15.1 | 0.4 | 15.8 | 0.5 | 15.2 | 0.3 |
(g/1000Â kcal) | NA | 8.6 | 1.2 | 8.5 | 1.7 | 8.5 | 1.5 | 0.293 | 8.4 | 0.2 | 8.1 | 0.2 | 8.4 | 0.1 |
Total water | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
(g) | 16005 | 1478 | 235 | 1506 | 231 | 1491 | 233 | 0.515 | 1463 | 29 | 1492 | 31 | 1470 | 21 |
(g/1000Â kcal) | NA | 838 | 106 | 799 | 113 | 819 | 111 | 0.034 | 831 | 13 | 774 | 15 | 815 | 10 |