Table 6 Association of fracture characteristics with likelihood of abuse

General Fracture Position

     Diaphyseal vs. all other

Hui, 2008

78.6 (57.1-100.0)

36.3 (27.4-45.1)

1.2 (0.9-1.7)

0.6 (0.2-1.7)

0.38

     Diaphyseal vs. all other

Rewers, 2005

58.3 (44.4-72.3)

22.4 (17.5-27.3)

0.8 (0.6-1.0)

1.9 (1.2-2.8)

0.007

     Diaphyseal vs. all other

Baldwin, 2011

44.4 (33.0-55.9)

33.8 (25.9-41.7)

0.7 (0.5-0.9)

1.6 (1.2-2.2)

0.003

     Subtrochanteric vs. all other

Hui, 2008

7.1 ( 0.0-20.6)

95.6 (91.8-99.4)

0.5 (0.1-1.8)

1.2 (0.9-1.5)

0.51

     Subtrochanteric vs. all other

Baldwin, 2011

19.4 (10.3-28.6)

86.3 (80.6-92.0)

1.4 (0.8-2.7)

0.9 (0.8-1.1)

0.32

     Distal metaphyseal vs. all other

Hui, 2008

14.3 (0.0-32.6)

70.8 (62.4-79.2)

0.5 (0.1-1.8)

1.2 (0.9-1.5)

0.35

     Distal metaphyseal vs. all other

Baldwin, 2011

36.1 (25.0-47.2)

79.9 (73.2-86.5)

1.8 (1.1-2.8)

0.8 (0.7-1.0)

0.02

Diaphyseal Fracture Position

     Distal vs. mid/proximal

Schwend, 2000

53.8 (26.7-80.9)

88.4 (82.7-94.1)

4.7 (2.3-9.4)

0.5 (0.3-0.9)

0.001

Diaphyseal Fracture Type

     Spiral vs. non-spiral

Blakemore, 1996 11119961996

68.8 (46.0-91.5)

11.5 (0.0-23.8)

0.8 (0.5-1.1)

2.7 (0.7-9.8)

0.23

     Transverse vs. all other

Pierce, 2005

75.0 (32.6-100.0)

84.0 (69.6-98.4)

4.7 (1.6-13.6)

0.3 (0.1-1.6)

0.03

Fracture Side

     Left vs. right

Schwend, 2000

58.3 (30.4-86.2)

39.5 (30.9-48.1)

1.0 (0.6-1.6)

1.1 (0.5-2.1)

1.00

     Left vs. right

Blakemore, 1996

37.5 (13.8-61.2)

46.2 (27.0-65.3)

0.7 (0.3-1.4)

1.4 (0.8-2.4)

0.35

     Left vs. right

Hui, 2008

57.1 (31.2-83.1)

52.2 (43.0-61.4)

1.2 (0.7-2.0)

0.8 (0.4-1.5)

0.58

     Left vs. right

Arkader, 2007

60.0 (29.6-90.4)

30.0 (1.6-58.4)

0.9 (0.4-1.6)

1.3 (0.4-4.5)

1.00

Bilateral

     Bilateral vs. unilateral

Schwend, 2000

7.7 (0.0-22.2)

98.4 (96.2-100.0)

4.8 (0.5-49.9)

0.9 (0.8-1.1)

0.26