Table 3 Protective factors from problem behaviours in the presence of previous risk
| Â | Internalizing behaviours | Externalizing behaviours | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|  | Low degree (≤20th) | High degree (≥80th) |  | Low degree (≤20th) | High degree (≥80th) |  |
|  | N = 19 | N = 50 | p-value | N = 32 | N = 43 | p-value |
Characteristics | n (%) | n (%) | Â | n (%) | n (%) | Â |
Attends sporting events, art/cultural events, camping events | 16 (84.2) | 42 (85.7) | 1 | 30 (93.8) | 37 (86.0) | 0.454 |
Spends time participating in activities | 14 (77.8) | 37 (74.0) | 1 | 27 (87.1) | 33 (76.7) | 0.262 |
Low screen time - weekdays | 12 (63.2) | 29 (59.2) | 0.764 | 22 (68.8) | 21 (50.0) | 0.105 |
Low screen time - weekends | 4 (21.1) | 7 (14.3) | 0.486 | 7 (21.9) | 6 (14.3) | 0.395 |
Spends two or more days with friends outside of school | 10 (52.6) | 27 (54.0) | 0.919 | 18 (56.3) | 21 (48.8) | 0.525 |
Two or more close friends | 18 (94.7) | 39 (78.0) | 0.157 | 30 (93.8) | 31 (72.1) | 0.017 |
High maternal social support | 4 (22.2) | 7 (14.0) | 0.464 | 13 (40.6) | 4 (9.3) | 0.001 |
High positive parenting interaction | 5 (26.3) | 8 (16.0) | 0.326 | 8 (25.0) | 5 (11.6) | 0.13 |
High neighbourhood cohesion | 1 (5.6) | 5 (11.1) | 0.664 | 8 (25.0) | 3 (7.5) | 0.052 |
At least 1 community involvement event | 18 (94.7) | 48 (96.0) | 1 | 32 (100.0) | 41 (95.3) | 0.504 |
At least 1 school involvement event | 17 (89.5) | 39 (78.0) | 0.491 | 28 (87.5) | 37 (86.0) | 1 |
Excellent or very good general health - child | 18 (94.7) | 41 (82.0) | 0.264 | 29 (90.6) | 37 (86.0) | 0.724 |
High self-esteem - child | 17 (89.5) | 31 (63.3) | 0.033 | 28 (87.5) | 28 (65.1) | 0.027 |
Well/Very well school performance | 12 (63.2) | 28 (56.0) | 0.591 | 24 (75.0) | 22 (51.2) | 0.036 |
Excellent or very good emotional health - maternal | 6 (31.6) | 13 (26.0) | 0.643 | 16 (50.0) | 11 (25.6) | 0.029 |
Quality time spent with children | 12 (63.2) | 29 (58.0) | 0.697 | 25 (78.1) | 20 (46.5) | 0.006 |
High parenting sense of competence - efficacy | 3 (20.0) | 4 (11.4) | 0.415 | 5 (25.0) | 3 (9.4) | 0.235 |
High parenting sense of competence - satisfaction | 2 (13.3) | 8 (22.9) | 0.702 | 6 (30.0) | 7 (21.2) | 0.522 |
High child social competence | 5 (33.3) | 4 (11.4) | 0.106 | 8 (40.0) | 2 (6.1) | 0.004 |
High parenting morale - 5Â years | 2 (13.3) | 4 (11.4) | 1 | 6 (30.0) | 3 (9.1) | 0.067 |
High maternal social support - 5Â years | 3 (20.0) | 2 (5.9) | 0.16 | 4 (21.1) | 2 (6.1) | 0.175 |