Table 1 Effects of frequency of use of improved Inkawasi cooking stoves on the itemized symptoms included in the questionnaire before and 2 years after stove installation
Symptom | Improved Inkawasi stove use only | Traditional stove use only | Mixed Inkawasi and traditional stove use | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 38) | (n = 25) | (n = 19) | |||||||||||||
Before | After | p value | Before | After | p value | Before | After | p value | |||||||
n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | n | % | ||||
Reduced appetite | 16 | 47.1 | 15 | 44.1 | 17 | 70.8 | 15 | 62.5 | 6 | 35.3 | 6 | 35.3 | |||
Ear infections | 4 | 12.1 | 5 | 15.2 | 2 | 9.5 | 4 | 19 | 3 | 16.7 | 0 | 0 | |||
Frequent colds | 18 | 54.5 | 11 | 33.3 | 11 | 45.8 | 7 | 29.2 | 2 | 11.1 | 4 | 22.2 | |||
Nasal congestion | 17 | 50 | 13 | 38.2 | 7 | 29.2 | 9 | 37.5 | 6 | 35.3 | 1 | 5.9 | |||
Attention deficits | 16 | 48.5 | 11 | 33.3 | 13 | 54.2 | 5 | 20.8 | 9 | 50 | 5 | 27.8 | |||
Hyperactivity | 10 | 28.6 | 11 | 31.4 | 7 | 28 | 9 | 36 | 4 | 22.2 | 8 | 44.4 | |||
Snoring | 4 | 11.4 | 4 | 11.4 | 7 | 28 | 6 | 24 | 2 | 11.1 | 4 | 22.2 | |||
Repetitive movements during sleep | 11 | 30.6 | 18 | 50 | 7 | 28 | 9 | 36 | 10 | 55.6 | 8 | 44.4 | |||
Problems during sleep | 20 | 53.9 | 1 | 2.6 | <0.0005 | 5 | 20.8 | 5 | 20.8 | 10 | 52.6 | 1 | 5.3 | <0.005 | |
Respiratory effort during sleep | 3 | 8.8 | 2 | 5.9 | 0 | 0 | 3 | 12.5 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 5.6 | |||
Stops breathing during sleep | 4 | 11.8 | 2 | 5.9 | 1 | 4.2 | 2 | 8.3 | 1 | 5.6 | 2 | 11.1 | |||
Needs being shaken to breathe during sleep | 2 | 6.1 | 4 | 12.1 | 2 | 8.7 | 3 | 13 | 1 | 5.9 | 0 | 0 | |||
Ease falling asleep | 7 | 19.4 | 19 | 50 | <0.02 | 9 | 37.5 | 14 | 58.3 | 9 | 50 | 12 | 66.7 | ||
Sore throat | 17 | 47.2 | 8 | 22.2 | <0.05 | 6 | 24 | 7 | 28 | 7 | 38.9 | 6 | 33.3 | ||
Enuresis | 4 | 11.1 | 5 | 13.9 | 6 | 24 | 4 | 16 | 4 | 22.2 | 2 | 11.1 | |||
Wakes up to urinate | 13 | 35.1 | 15 | 40.5 | 9 | 36 | 13 | 52 | 10 | 55.6 | 8 | 44.4 | |||
Easiness to wake up | 21 | 56.8 | 30 | 80.7 | <0.05 | 13 | 54.2 | 21 | 87.5 | <0.04 | 9 | 50 | 10 | 55.6 | |
Willingness to go to bed | 18 | 51.4 | 27 | 77.1 | <0.05 | 21 | 84 | 20 | 80 | 12 | 66.7 | 11 | 61.1 | ||
Not rested after sleep | 11 | 30.6 | 15 | 41.7 | 4 | 16 | 6 | 24 | 2 | 11.1 | 4 | 22.2 | |||
Wakes up during the night | 15 | 42.9 | 7 | 20 | 9 | 36 | 10 | 40 | 9 | 50 | 10 | 55.6 | |||
Speaks during sleep | 12 | 34.3 | 10 | 28.6 | 11 | 44 | 10 | 40 | 4 | 22.2 | 5 | 27.8 | |||
Sleepwalking | 1 | 2.8 | 1. | 2.8 | 2 | 8 | 1 | 4 | 2 | 11.1 | 0 | 0 | |||
Sits while asleep | 5 | 14.3 | 3 | 8.6 | 5 | 20.8 | 3 | 12.5 | 2 | 11.1 | 3 | 16.7 | |||
Nightmares | 17 | 47.2 | 10 | 27.8 | 12 | 48 | 8 | 32 | 9 | 50 | 4 | 22.2 | |||
Morning headache | 15 | 41.7 | 6 | 19.8 | <0.02 | 7 | 28 | 7 | 28 | 8 | 47.1 | 6 | 32.6 | ||
Mouth breathing | 5 | 13.9 | 5 | 13.9 | 2 | 8 | 3 | 12 | 2 | 11.1 | 0 | 0 | |||
Daytime sleepiness | 7 | 20 | 8 | 22.9 | 6 | 24 | 6 | 24 | 4 | 22.2 | 0 | 0 | |||
Sleepiness at school | 4 | 11.8 | 3 | 8.8 | 4 | 16 | 3 | 12 | 1 | 5.6 | 0 | 0 | |||
Worried about sleep problems | 3 | 8.8 | 4 | 11.8 | 4 | 18.2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 2 | 11.1 | |||