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Table 2 Campylobacter infection and associated risk factors in under five diarrheic children at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia, October 2011 to March 2012

From: Prevalence, associated risk factors and antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Campylobacter species among under five diarrheic children at Gondar University Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia

Risk factors

Positives

Negatives

Total

COR

95% CI

AOR

95% CI

P-value

N (%)

N (%)

N (%)

Caretaker relation to child

        

 Mother

38(15.2)

212(84.8)

250(87.7)

1

 

1

  

 Father

4(28.6)

10(71.4)

14(4.9)

2.23

0.56,8.38

2.2

0.66,7.48

0.29

 Guardian

2(9.5)

19(90.5)

21(7.4)

0.59

0,09,2.78

0.58

0.11,2.62

 

Education of caretaker

        

 Illiterate

14(12.1)

102(87.9)

116(40.7)

1

 

1

  

 Primary

15(19.2)

63(80.8)

78(27.4)

1.73

0.73,4.12

1.45

0.78,3.83

0.20

 Junior-secondary

13(20.6)

50(79.4)

63(22.1)

1.89

0.77,4.61

2.7

0.82,4.33

 

 Diploma & above

2(7.1)

26(92.9)

28(9.8)

0.56

0.08,2.85

3.9

0.7,16.0

 

Number of children

        

 Only 1

7(15.6)

38(84.4)

45(15.8)

1

 

1

  

 2-5

32(14.7)

185(85.3)

217(76.1)

0.94

0.36,2.53

0.92

0.38,2.28

 

 >5

5(21.7)

18(78.3)

23(8.1)

1.5

0.42,5.40

1.3

0.42,5.40

0.73

Latrine usage

        

 No

15(25.9)

43(74.1)

58(20.4)

1

 

1

  

 Yes, always

29(12.8)

198(87.2)

227(79.6)

0.42

0.21,0.90

0.41

0.20,0.84

0.01*

Hand washing before feeding

        

 Not at all

5(27.8)

13(72.2)

18(6.3)

1

 

1

  

 Yes, sometimes

14(15.9)

74(84.1)

88(30.9)

0.49

0.13,1.88

1.9

0.5,6.3

0.52

 Yes, always

25(14)

154(86)

179(62.8)

0.59

0.12,1.50

0.06

0.02,0.19

 

Clean the child after defecation

        

 Not at all

6(25)

18(75)

24(8.4)

1

 

1

0.15,1.26

0.29

 Yes, sometimes

18(12.9)

122(87.1)

140(49.1)

0.44

0.14,1.44

0.48

0.2,1.68

 

 Yes, always

20(16.5)

101(84.5)

121(42.5)

0.59

0.19,1.92

0.69

  

Cleaning materials for utensils

        

 Water only

10(11.8)

75(88.2)

85(29.8)

1

 

1

  

 Soap

33(17.6)

154(82.4)

187(65.6)

1.61

0.71,3.69

1.60

0.70,3.43

0.33

 Chemicals

1(7.7)

12(92.3)

13(4.6)

0.63

0.03,5.61

0.62

0.07,5.33

 

Water source

        

 Pipe

35(14.1)

214(85.9)

249(87.4)

1

 

1

 

0.001*

 Well

3(75)

1(25)

4(1.4)

18

1.63,44.4

2

2.0, 20

 

 Spring

3(12)

22(88)

25(8.7)

0.83

0.2,3.2

0.78

0.2, 2.0

 

 River

3(42.9)

4(57.1)

7(2.5)

4.5

0.77,25.6

4.8

1.2, 21

 

Boiling water

        

 Yes

2(2.4)

81(97.6)

83(20.1)

1

2.4,65.2

1

2.5, 45

<0.001 α

 No

42(20.8)

160(79.2)

202(70.9)

10.6

 

10.57

  

Exclusive breastfeeding

        

 No

15(18.5)

66(81.5)

81(28.4)

1

0.35,1.53

1

0.6, 2.7

0.36

 Yes

29(14.2)

175(85.8)

204(71.6)

0.73

 

1.37

  

Bottle feeding

        

 No

20(10.8)

165(89.2)

185(65)

1

 

1

1.36, 5.0

0.008*

 Yes

24(24)

76(76)

100(35)

2.61

1.29,5.3

2.60

  

Nutritional status

        

 Well nourished

30(12.4)

211(87.6)

241(84.6)

1

1.47,7.31

1

1.58, 6.8

0.002*

 Malnourished

14(31.8)

30(68.2)

44(15.4)

3.3

 

3.2

  

Exposed to domestic animals

        

 No

10(7.6)

122(92.4)

132(46.3)

1

 

1

  

 Cats and dogs

21(29.6)

50(70.4)

71(24.9)

5.12

2.11,12.7

6.3

2.25,11.65

<0.001 α

 Hen and pigeons

8(19)

34(81)

42(14.7)

2.87

0.94,8.69

2.9

1.05,7.88

 

 Other animals

5(12.5)

35(87.5)

40(14.1)

1.74

0.48,6.05

1.4

0.5,5.4

 
  1. AOR: Adjusted odd ratio, COR: Crude odd ratio, * p-value < 0.05, α p-value < 0.001.
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