Table 3 Demographic and clinical characteristics of sporadic preaxial polydactyly type I (PPD1), familial polydactyly (all types), and healthy control group
Characteristic | Controls | Sporadic PPD1 | Familial Polydactyly | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 303$ | N = 459$ | N = 353$ | |||
Count (%) | Count (%) | P-value OR [95% CI] | Count (%) | P-value OR [95% CI] | |
Gender | |||||
Female (reference) | 135 (44.6%) | 200 (43.6%) | 0.83 (NS) | 154 (43.6%) | 0.84 (NS) |
Male | 168 (55.4%) | 257 (56%) | 1.03 [0.77, 1.38] | 198 (56.1%) | 1.03 [0.76, 1.41] |
Residence type | |||||
Urban (reference) | 179 (60.3%) | 282 (61.8%) | 0.67 (NS) | 210 (60%) | 0.94 (NS) |
Rural | 118 (39.7%) | 174 (38.2%) | 0.94 [0.69, 1.26] | 140 (40%) | 1.01 [0.74, 1.39] |
Maternal age # | |||||
19 years and less | 20 (6.6%) | 36 (7.8%) | 28 (7.9%) | ||
20-24 | 81 (26.7%) | 147 (32%) | 94 (26.6%) | ||
25-29 | 110 (36.3%) | 147 (32%) | 0.57 (NS) | 128 (36.3%) | 0.95 (NS) |
30-34 | 63 (20.8%) | 91 (19.8%) | 0.99 [0.95, 1.03] | 61 (17.3%) | 1.00 [0.96, 1.04] |
35-39 | 25 (8.3%) | 28 (6.1%) | 28 (7.9%) | ||
40 years and more | 4 (1.3%) | 5 (1.1%) | 13 (3.7%) | ||
Paternal age # | |||||
19 years and less | 7 (2.3%) | 11 (2.4%) | 6 (1.7%) | ||
20-24 | 36 (11.9%) | 81 (17.6%) | 52 (14.7%) | ||
25-29 | 98 (32.3%) | 154 (33.6%) | 115 (32.6%) | ||
30-34 | 74 (24.4%) | 115 (25.1%) | 0.27 (NS) | 84 (23.8%) | 0.95 (NS) |
35-39 | 39 (12.9%) | 54 (11.8%) | 0.98 [0.95, 1.02] | 49 (13.9%) | 1.00 [0.97, 1.04] |
40-44 | 20 (6.6%) | 24 (5.2%) | 26 (7.4%) | ||
45-49 | 5 (1.7%) | 5 (1.1%) | 9 (2.5%) | ||
50 years and more | 2 (0.7%) | 0 (0%) | 3 (0.8%) | ||
Maternal education * | |||||
Elementary or incomplete elementary | 43 (14.2%) | 63 (13.7%) | 41 (11.6%) | ||
Vocational | 91 (30%) | 115 (25.1%) | 0.14 (NS) | 105 (29.7%) | 0.67 (NS) |
Secondary | 108 (35.6%) | 160 (34.9%) | 1.16 [0.95, 1.42] | 106 (30%) | 1.05 [0.85, 1.30] |
Higher | 61 (20.1%) | 94 (20.5%) | 87 (24.6%) | ||
Paternal education * | |||||
Elementary or incomplete elementary | 21 (6.9%) | 51 (11.1%) | 32 (9.1%) | ||
Vocational | 128 (42.2%) | 196 (42.7%) | 0.06 (NS) | 135 (38.2%) | 0.50 (NS) |
Secondary | 83 (27.4%) | 119 (25.9%) | 0.81 [0.64, 1.01] | 96 (27.2%) | 1.09 [0.86, 1.38] |
Higher | 36 (11.9%) | 55 (12%) | 65 (18.4%) | ||
Birthweight [per 500 g body weight] | |||||
500-999 g | 1 (0%) | 2 (0.4%) | 1 (0.3%) | ||
1000-1499 | 1 (0.3%) | 6 (1.3%) | 1 (0.3%) | ||
1500-1999 | 9 (0.3%) | 9 (2%) | 4 (1.1%) | ||
2000-2499 | 46 (3%) | 25 (5.4%) | <0.0001 | 10 (2.8%) | 0.32 (NS) |
2500-2999 | 101 (15.2%) | 100 (21.8%) | 0.69 [0.61, 0.79] | 46 (13%) | 0.93 [0.81, 1.07] |
3000-3499 | 102 (33.3%) | 175 (38.1%) | 140 (39.7%) | ||
3500-3999 | 34 (33.7%) | 101 (22%) | 102 (28.9%) | ||
4000-4499 | 7 (11.2%) | 29 (6.3%) | 41 (11.6%) | ||
4500 g or more | 0 (2.3%) | 4 (0.9%) | 4 (1.1%) | ||
Pregnancy length | |||||
under 28 weeks | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.2%) | 1 (0.3%) | ||
28-31 | 1 (0.3%) | 7 (1.5%) | 0.57 (NS) | 3 (0.8%) | 0.48 (NS) |
32-36 | 15 (5%) | 26 (5.7%) | 0.98 [0.90, 1.06] | 15 (4.2%) | 1.03 [0.95, 1.13] |
37-41 | 271 (89.4%) | 397 (86.5%) | 305 (86.4%) | ||
42 weeks or more | 8 (2.6%) | 20 (4.4%) | 18 (5.1%) | ||
Pregnancy order | |||||
1 | 126 (41.6%) | 217 (47.3%) | 155 (43.9%) | ||
2 | 87 (28.7%) | 147 (32%) | 115 (32.6%) | ||
3 | 45 (14.9%) | 48 (10.5%) | 0.02 | 39 (11%) | 0.42 (NS) |
4 | 28 (9.2%) | 29 (6.3%) | 0.87 [0.77, 0.97] | 15 (4.2%) | 0.95 [0.85, 1.07] |
5 | 13 (4.3%) | 5 (1.1%) | 12 (3.4%) | ||
6 | 2 (0.7%) | 6 (1.3%) | 5 (1.4%) | ||
7 or more | 2 (0.7%) | 4 (0.9%) | 7 (2%) | ||
Birth order | |||||
1 | 135 (44.6%) | 237 (51.6%) | 166 (47%) | ||
2 | 97 (32%) | 152 (33.1%) | 117 (33.1%) | ||
3 | 36 (11.9%) | 37 (8.1%) | 0.01 | 35 (9.9%) | 0.62 (NS) |
4 | 29 (9.6%) | 19 (4.1%) | 0.84 [0.74, 0.96] | 12 (3.4%) | 0.97 [0.86, 1.10] |
5 | 3 (1%) | 5 (1.1%) | 8 (2.3%) | ||
6 | 1 (0.3%) | 4 (0.9%) | 6 (1.7%) | ||
7 or more | 2 (0.7%) | 2 (0.4%) | 4 (1.1%) | ||
Number of spontaneous abortions for 2nd or further pregnancy | |||||
No (reference) | 135 (76.3%) | 182 (75.2%) | 0.98 (NS) | 155 (78.3%) | 0.35 (NS) |
Yes | 42 (23.7%) | 57 (23.6%) | 0.99 [0.63, 1.57] | 38 (19.2%) | 0.79 [0.48, 1.30] |