Table 4 Association of selected risk factors with delays of development (Multivariable logistic regression - adjusted Odds Ratios and 95%- confidence intervals, significant associations in bold)
Age | Sex | Nationality | Having siblings | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Delays of development | Below 5.49 years | Between 5.50 and 6.50 years | p-value | 6.51 years and older | p-value | Girl | Boy | p-value | German | Non- German | p-value | No | Yes | p-value |
Gross motor skills | 1 | 0.89 (0.72-1.10) | 0.28 | 0.92 (0.65-1.30) | 0.63 | 1 | 2.73 (2.32-3.22) | <0.0001 | 1 | 1.34 (1.08-1.66) | 0.01 | 1 | 1.13 (0.93-1.37) | 0.21 |
Fine motor coordination | 1 | 0.43 (0.37-0.49) | <0.0001 | 0.28 (0.21-0.38) | <0.0001 | 1 | 3.37 (2.98-3.81) | <0.0001 | 1 | 1.41 (1.20-1.65) | <0.0001 | 1 | 1.09 (0.95-1.26) | 0.22 |
Grapho- motor coordination | 1 | 0.42 (0.36-0.49) | <0.0001 | 0.30 (0.22-0.40) | <0.0001 | 1 | 3.27 (2.85-3.74) | <0.0001 | 1 | 1.60 (1.35-1.89) | <0.0001 | 1 | 1.07 (0.92-1.25) | 0.40 |
Pronunciation | 1 | 0.83 (0.72-0.97) | 0.02 | 0.78 (0.61-1.00) | 0.05 | 1 | 2.09 (1.88-2.32) | <0.0001 | 1 | 0.66 (0.55-0.79) | <0.0001 | 1 | 1.31 (1.14-1.50) | <0.0001 |
Grammar | 1 | 0.77 (0.60-0.98) | 0.58 | 1.39 (0.89-2.15) | 0.15 | 1 | 1.79 (1.45-2.21) | <0.0001 | 1 | 2.52 (1.95-3.26) | <0.0001 | 1 | 1.04 (0.81-1.34) | 0.76 |
Rhythm of speech | 1 | 0.90 (0.66-1.21) | 0.47 | 1.16 (0.74-1.81) | 0.52 | 1 | 2.09 (1.69-2.60) | <0.0001 | 1 | 0.61 (0.41-0.90) | 0.01 | 1 | 1.01 (0.78-1.30) | 0.97 |
Memory and concentration | 1 | 0.49 (0.43-0.57) | <0.0001 | 0.42 (0.31-0.56) | <0.0001 | 1 | 1.51 (1.33-1.71) | <0.0001 | 1 | 2.01 (1.73-2.33) | <0.0001 | 1 | 0.99 (0.85-1.16) | 0.90 |
Perseverance | 1 | 0.42 (0.36-0.50) | <0.0001 | 0.44 (0.32-0.61) | <0.0001 | 1 | 1.53 (1.32-1.76) | <0.0001 | 1 | 1.82 (1.51-2.19) | <0.0001 | 1 | 0.93 (0.79-1.11) | 0.44 |
Abstraction | 1 | 0.86 (0.65-1.14) | 0.29 | 1.07 (0.67-1.66) | 0.77 | 1 | 1.77 (1.44-2.17) | <0.0001 | 1 | 2.76 (2.18-3.48) | <0.0001 | 1 | 0.99 (0.78-1.27) | 0.95 |
Visual perception | 1 | 1.01 (0.78-1.31) | 0.96 | 1.33 (0.90-1.96) | 0.15 | 1 | 2.13 (1.77-2.56) | <0.0001 | 1 | 2.65 (2.15-3.27) | <0.0001 | 1 | 0.98 (0.79-1.22) | 0.87 |
Arithmetic | 1 | 0.79 (0.62-1.01) | 0.06 | 0.73 (0.47-1.12) | 0.15 | 1 | 1.40 (1.16-1.68) | <0.0001 | 1 | 2.56 (2.06-3.18) | <0.0001 | 1 | 1.07 (0.85-1.34) | 0.57 |
Psychosocial development | 1 | 0.48 (0.40-0.57) | <0.0001 | 0.52 (0.38-0.71) | 0.001 | 1 | 1.47 (1.28-1.70) | <0.0001 | 1 | 1.66 (1.38-2.01) | <0.0001 | 1 | 0.86 (0.73-1.02) | 0.08 |