Poor food and nutrient intake among Indigenous and non-Indigenous rural Australian children

BMC Pediatrics

Table 2 Mean (95% CI) daily intake of macro-nutrients, fibre, sodium and energy and differences by gender and Indigenous status¹

Nutrient	Boys (n = 93)			Girls (n = 122)			Indigenous Status
	Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (n = 34)	Non-Indigenous (n = 59)	p-value²	Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (n = 48)	Non-Indigenous (n = 74)	p-value²	p-value³
Energy (kJ)	9689.2	8422.1	0.004	8353.5	8061.5	0.36	< .0001
	(8940.3-10438.1)	(7996.9-8847.3)		(7803.4-8903.5)	(7731.2-8391.8)
Protein (g)	87.2	79.1	0.12	69.1	71.6	0.47	0.14
	(77.8-96.6)	(74.8-83.5)		(63.6-74.5)	(67.2-76.0)
Total fat (g)	87.4	78.9	0.03	78	75.9	0.56	0.01
	(81.4-93.3)	(74.0-83.7)		(72.2-83.8)	(71.6-80.2)
Saturated fatty acids (g)	38.5	34.8	0.05	34.3	33.6	0.69	0.02
	(35.7-41.4)	(32.4-37.2)		(31.3-37.3)	(31.3-35.8)
Polyunsaturated fat (g)	10.8	10.1	0.31	10.3	9.7	0.36	0.16
	(9.8-11.7)	(9.1-11.1)		(9.2-11.3)	(9.0-10.4)
Monounsaturated fat (g)	31.1	27.7	0.03	27.4	26.7	0.59	0.02
	(28.7-33.6)	(25.9-29.5)		(25.3-29.5)	(25.2-28.2)
Carbohydrate (g)	289.1	241.7	0.01	251	234.9	0.15	< .0001
	(257.9-320.3)	(226.3-257.2)		(231.9-270.2)	(223.7-246.0)
Sugars (g)	148	122.1	0.04	134	124.6	0.27	0.0002
	(125.7-170.4)	(110.4-133.8)		(119.4-148.6)	(115.4-133.7)
Starch (g)	139.7	118.8	0.003	116.2	109.3	0.16	0.003
	(128.0-151.4)	(111.3-126.2)		(107.7-124.6)	(104.6-114.0)
Fibre (g)	21.6	17.9	0.02	16.6	17.2	0.48	0.05
	(18.8-24.5)	(16.6-19.2)		(15.0-18.1)	(16.2-18.2)
Sodium (mg)	2934.5	2396.9	0.01	2323.5	2341.6	0.88	0.009
	(2588.3-3280.7)	(2230.5-2563.4)		(2132.1-2514.9)	(2201.9-2481.3)

¹ See Additional File 1 [Table S1] for complete table; ² Kruskall-Wallis test for difference conducted for Vitamin A, Beta-carotine, Folate, Vitamin C, Calcium and Zinc as data not normally distributed. All other nutrients examined by t-tests adjusted for clustering within schools; ³ Difference by Indigenous status examined using Friedman's test for Vitamin A, Beta-carotine, Folate, Vitamin C, Calcium and Zinc as data not normally distributed and no method of adjusting for clustering. Difference by Indigenous status examined for all other nutrients by linear regression analysis adjusted for clustering within schools, age and gender.

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