Table 1 Association of family-based factors with overweight and obesity among Pakistani primary school children (n = 1860)
From: Family-based factors associated with overweight and obesity among Pakistani primary school children
| Â | Total (n = 1860) | Thina (n = 601) | Normalb (n = 943) | Overweightc (n = 176) | Obesed (n = 140) | Significance | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Family-based factors | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | n (%) | χ2 | P value |
Parental education | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Illiterate | 366 (19.7) | 163 (44.5) | 193 (52.7) | 8 (2.2) | 02 (0.5) | 161.56 | < 0.001 |
   High school | 496 (26.7) | 193 (38.9) | 255 (51.4) | 33 (6.7) | 15 (3.0) |  |  |
   College | 531 (28.5) | 142 (26.7) | 268 (50.5) | 66 (12.4) | 55 (10.4) |  |  |
   Higher education | 467 (25.1) | 103 (22.1) | 227 (48.6) | 69 (14.8) | 68 (14.6) |  |  |
Parental working status | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Father only | 1465 (78.8) | 496 (33.9) | 742 (50.6) | 125 (8.5) | 102 (7.0) | 14.32 | 0.002 |
   Both parents | 395 (21.2) | 105 (26.6) | 201 (50.9) | 51 (12.9) | 38 (9.6) |  |  |
Siblings | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   No | 26 (1.4) | 6 (23.1) | 11 (42.3) | 4 (15.4) | 5 (19.2) | 98.33 | < 0.001 |
   1-3 | 1008 (54.2) | 262 (26.0) | 511 (50.7) | 121 (12.0) | 114 (11.3) |  |  |
   > 3 | 826 (44.4) | 333 (40.3) | 421 (51.0) | 51 (6.2) | 21 (2.5) |  |  |
Persons in child's living room | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   No | 116 (6.2) | 24 (20.7) | 48 (41.4) | 28 (24.1) | 16 (13.8) | 77.84 | < 0.001 |
   1-3 | 791 (42.5) | 212 (26.8) | 420 (53.1) | 86 (10.9) | 73 (9.2) |  |  |
   > 3 | 953 (51.2) | 365 (38.3) | 475 (49.8) | 62 (6.5) | 51 (5.4) |  |  |
Smoking in living place | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Yes | 546 (29.4) | 194 (35.5) | 263 (48.2) | 52 (9.5) | 37 (6.8) | 4.04 | 0.731 |
   No | 1314 (70.6) | 407 (31.0) | 680 (51.8) | 124 (9.4) | 103 (7.8) |  |  |
Neighborhood income | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â | Â |
   Low | 651 (35.0) | 293 (45.0) | 316 (48.5) | 28 (4.3) | 14 (2.2) | 145.68 | < 0.001 |
   Middle | 910 (48.9) | 247 (27.1) | 486 (53.4) | 98 (10.8) | 79 (8.7) |  |  |
   High | 299 (16.1) | 61 (20.4) | 141 (47.2) | 50 (16.7) | 47 (15.7) |  |  |