Study | Year | Design | Country | Sample | Age (years) | Gender (M/F) | Diabetes duration (year) | Definition of diabetes mellitus | Vitamin D measure | Definition of vitamin D | 25(OH)D (ng/ml) | Vitamin D cut-off | Vitamin D deficiency n(%) | NOS/ AHRQ |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bener | 2009 | Case-control | UK | 170 | < 16 | 88/82 | NR | venous blood glucose values equal or > 6.7mmol/L | RIA | NR | 15.8 ± 9.2 | ①| 154 (90.6) | 9 |
Borkar | 2010 | Case-control | Indian | 50 | 6 ~ 12 | 29/21 | NR | ADA | HPLC | NR | 20.02 ± 10.63 | ② | 29 (58.0) | 9 |
Daga | 2012 | Case-control | Indian | 13 | < 18 | 6/7 | NR | NR | RIA | NR | 11.36 ± 4.74 | ② | 12(92.3) | 8 |
Azab | 2013 | Case-control | Egypt | 80 | 6 ~ 16 | 34/46 | 17 (3 ~ 52) (m) | WHO criteria | ELISA | AAP | 24.7 ± 5.6 | ③ | 44 (55) | 9 |
Lieberman | 2013 | Case-control | USA | 211 | 12 ~ 19 | 51/160 | 10.9 ± 3.2 | Islet cell antibody | Clinical lab | IMG | 27.7 ± 0.7 | ② | 47 (22) | 9 |
Greer | 2013 | Case-control | Australia | 56 | NR | 28/28 | NR | NR | Clinical lab | ACSC | 31.53 (28.77–34.29) | ③ | 5 (8.9) | 8 |
Franchi | 2013 | Case-control | Italy | 58 | 1.1 ~ 16 | 32/26 | NR | ADA | Chemiluminescent assay | NR | NR | ② | 39 (67.2) | 8 |
Jung | 2014 | Case-control | Korea | 102 | < 18 | 41/61 | NR | NR | Chemiluminescent assay | NR | 14.5 ± 6.4 | ② | 77 (75.4) | 8 |
Wierzbicka | 2016 | Case-control | Poland | 60 | < 18 | 28/32 | 5.1 ± 3.9 | NR | ECLIA | ESCPG | 15.3 ± 7.0 | ② | 49 (81.7) | 8 |
Rasoul | 2016 | Case-control | Kuwait | 216 | < 15 | 104/112 | NR | ISPAD/WHO | EIA | ESCPG | 13.84 ± 6.66 | ② | 182 (84.3) | 9 |
Kim | 2017 | Case-control | Korea | 42 | 9 ~ 14 | 12/30 | 6.4 ± 3.0 | NR | 125I-labeled radioimmunoassay | ESCPG | 20.0 ± 6.4 | ③ | 24 (57.1) | 8 |
Ziaei-Kajbaf | 2018 | Case-control | Iran | 85 | 1 ~ 15 | 40/45 | NR | NR | ELISA | NR | 5.13 ± 4.24 | ② | 65 (76.5) | 7 |
Liu | 2018 | Case-control | China | 296 | 8.99 ± 3.75 | 147/149 | NR | NR | Non-radioactive EIA | the Global Consensus 1 | 19.51 ± 6.11 | ④ | 39 (13.2) | 7 |
Federico | 2018 | Case-control | Italy | 82 | 2 ~ 18 | 44/38 | 9.4 ± 3.9 | NR | HPLC | ESCPG | 21.79 ± 10.94 | ② | 41 (50.0) | 7 |
Bae | 2018 | Case-control | Korea | 85 | 6 ~ 20 | 37/48 | NR | NR | RIA | ESCPG | 21.6 ± 8.5 | ② | 41 (48.2) | 8 |
Sonia | 2016 | Case-control | Tunisia | 29 | 12 ~ 18 | 14/15 | 35.03 ± 42.4(m) | ADSC | RIA | NR | 17.4 ± 1.0 | ② | 15 (51.7) | 8 |
Mansi | 2021 | Case-control | Iraq | 104 | < 5 | 36/68 | NR | NR | NR | NR | NR | ⑨ | 83 (79.8) | 7 |
Soliman | 2015 | Case-control | Egypt | 53 | 6 ~ 18 | 27/26 | NR | ADA | Immun-diagnostik EIA | NR | 7.65 ± 2.52 | ⑤ | 45 (84.9) | 9 |
Rochmah | 2022 | Case-control | Indonesia | 31 | < 18 | 18/13 | 1.0 (0 ~ 11) | ISPAD | ELFA | ESCPG | 26.11 (13.95–52.11) | ② | 4 (12.9) | 8 |
Setty-Shah | 2014 | Case-control | USA | 22 | 2 ~ 13 | 12/22 | NR | ADA | Chemiluminescent assay | AAP and IMG | 24.44 ± 6.04 | ③ | 3 (13.6) | 9 |
Ghandchi | 2012 | Case-control | Iran | 60 | 5 ~ 25 | 32/28 | NR | NR | HPLC | NR | NR | ⑤ | 51 (85.0) | 8 |
Biliaieva | 2022 | Case-control | Ukraine | 94 | 10 ~ 18 | NR | NR | NR | Electrochemiluminescence | EPGC and IMG | NR | ② | 64 (68.1) | 6 |
Polat | 2022 | Case-control | Turkey | 29 | 9 ~ 16 | NR | NR | NR | NR | ESCPG | NR | ①| 16 (55.2) | 7 |
Raab | 2014 | Cohort | Germany | 244 | 3 ~ 9 | 132/112 | NR | ADA | RIA | NR | 19.91 ± 0.60 | ② | 125 (51.2) | 9 |
Janner | 2010 | Cross-sectional | Switzerland | 129 | NR | 69/60 | NR | ADA | Chemiluminescent assay | NR | 18.31 (16.51–20.15) | ② | 78 (60.5) | 10 |
Svoren | 2009 | Cross-sectional | Boston | 128 | < 18 | 69/59 | 4.1 ± 5.6 | NR | RIA | NR | 26.8 ± 6.7 | ② | 19 (15.0) | 10 |
Mutlu | 2011 | Cross-sectional | Turkey | 120 | 3 ~ 20 | 65/55 | 3.2 ± 2.3 | NR | ELISA | AAP | 25.6 ± 16.2 | ⑦ | 27 (22.5) | 10 |
Thnc | 2011 | Cross-sectional | Turkey | 100 | < 20 | NR | 56.4 ± 3.7 (m) | NR | HPLC | NR | NR | ⑤ | 28 (28.0) | 7 |
Vojtkova | 2012 | Cross-sectional | Slovakia | 58 | 9 ~ 19 | 30/28 | NR | ADA | Biochemical | NR | NR | ⑥ | 21 (36.2) | 10 |
Ataie-Jafari | 2012 | Cross-sectional | Iran | 53 | 8 ~ 18 | 14/39 | 13.2 ± 6.1 | NR | RIA | NR | NR | ② | 41 (77.0) | 9 |
The | 2013 | Longitudinal | USA | 1426 | < 20 | 730/696 | 10.2 ± 3.9 (m) | NR | Chemiluminescent assay | IMG | NR | ④ | 300 (21.0) | 11 |
Savastio | 2016 | Longitudinal | Italy | 64 | < 12 | NR | 5.6 ± 3.9 | ADA | Chemiluminescent assay | ESCPG | 17.71 ± 9.62 | ⑥ | 41 (64.0) | 10 |
Al-Zubeidi | 2016 | Cross-sectional | USA | 185 | < 19 | 81/94 | NR | NR | Chemiluminescent assay | ESCPG | NR | ⑥ | 33 (17.8) | 10 |
Al | 2016 | Cross-sectional | Kingdom of Saudi Arabia | 301 | 1 ~ 18 | 140/161 | 7.7 ± 3.7 | ADA | Chemiluminescent assay | PES | 14.06 ± 6.37 | ⑦ | 103 (34.2) | 11 |
Zambrana-Calvà | 2016 | Cross-sectional | Spain | 90 | < 18 | 46/44 | NR | ISPAD | HPLC | NR | NR | ⑦ | 12 (13.3) | 10 |
Al Sawah | 2016 | Cross-sectional | USA | 197 | 7 ~ 18 | 85/112 | NR | NR | (LC-MS/MS) | NR | 21.88 ± 7.13 | ② | 80 (40.6) | 9 |
Giri | 2017 | Cross-sectional | UK | 271 | 7.7 ± 4.4 | NR | NR | NR | Tandem Mass Spectrometry | the Global Consensus1 | 12.90 ± 3.29 | ④ | 40 (14.8) | 8 |
ALkharashi | 2019 | Cross-sectional | Kingdom of Saudi Arabia | 100 | 2 ~ 12 | 50/50 | NR | NR | Biochemical | NR | 14.06 ± 0.56 | ③ | 70 (70.0) | 10 |
Zabeen | 2021 | Cross-sectional | Bangladesh | 60 | 11 ~ 15 | 18/42 | NR | ISPAD | RIA | NR | 12.97 (9.3–18.0) | ⑦ | 31 (51.7) | 10 |
Segovia-Ortà | 2020 | Cross-sectional | Spain | 67 | 0 ~ 14 | 31/36 | NR | ISPAD | Chemiluminescent assay | ESCPG | NR | ② | 13 (19.4) | 9 |
Carakushansky | 2020 | Cross-sectional | USA | 395 | 3 ~ 18 | 202/193 | NR | NR | (LC-MS/MS) | NR | NR | ⑧ | 17 (4.7) | 11 |
KOR | 2018 | Cross-sectional | Turkey | 106 | 2 ~ 18 | 44/65 | 4.46 + 2.8 | ISPAD | Chemiluminescent assay | NR | 27.11 ± 14.33 | ④ | 7 (6.6) | 5 |
Yeshayahu | 2012 | Cross-sectional | Canada | 271 | 12 ~ 18 | 138/133 | 7.2 ± 3.6 | NR | (LC-MS/MS) | NR | NR | ⑧ | 89 (32.8) | 10 |
Saki | 2017 | Cross-sectional | India | 85 | 8 ~ 18 | 39/46 | 4.4 ± 2.8 | Two positive autoantibody tests | HPLC | ESCPG | 18.0 ± 12.2 | ② | 52 (61.2) | 10 |
Kaur | 2011 | Cross-sectional | Australia | 517 | 8 ~ 20 | NR | 7.2 ± 3.5 | NR | LIAISON | ANZ | 28.09 ± 9.21 | ③ | 80 (15.5) | 5 |