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Table 2 Available data by risk factor and hospital

From: Variation in and risk factors for paediatric inpatient all-cause mortality in a low income setting: data from an emerging clinical information network

  

A

B

C

D

E

F

G

H

I

J

K

L

All hospitals

Observations available

4757

1853

3517

2445

1982

2440

1881

2146

4175

2209

3066

3270

33,741

Routine health information system variables

Age group

 

2 _6 months

964 (20·3)

386 (20·8)

771 (21·9)

583 (23·8)

247 (12·5)

427 (17·5)

253 (13·5)

243 (11·3)

478 (11·4)

195 (8·8)

343 (11·2)

457 (14·0)

5347 (15·8)

7 _11 months

1279 (26·9)

488 (26·3)

859 (24·4)

645 (26·4)

474 (23·9)

634 (26·0)

386 (20·5)

340 (15·8)

575 (13·8)

286 (12·9)

472 (15·4)

679 (20·8)

7117 (21·1)

12_59 months

2514 (52·8)

979 (52·8)

1887 (53·7)

1217 (49·8)

1261 (63·6)

1379 (56·5)

1242 (66·0)

1563 (72·8)

3122 (74·8)

1728 (78·2)

2251 (73·4)

2134 (65·3)

21,277 (63·1)

Child sex

 

Female

2103 (44·2)

763 (41·2)

1563 (44·4)

1083 (44·3)

849 (42·8)

1001 (41·0)

839 (44·6)

939 (43·8)

1912 (45·8)

932 (42·2)

1355 (44·2)

1501 (45·9)

14,840 (44·0)

Male

2650 (55·7)

1060 (57·2)

1926 (54·8)

1344 (55·0)

1124 (56·7)

1437 (58·9)

981 (52·2)

1186 (55·3)

2194 (52·6)

1204 (54·5)

1701 (55·5)

1766 (54·0)

18,573 (55·0)

Missing

4 (0·1)

30 (1·6)

28 (0·8)

18 (0·7)

9 (0·5)

2 (0·1)

61 (3·2)

21 (1·0)

69 (1·7)

73 (3·3)

10 (0·3)

3 (0·1)

328 (1·0)

WAZ score

 

0 or > = 1 SD

1852 (38·9)

702 (37·9)

1262 (35·9)

827 (33·8)

1014 (51·2)

1052 (43·1)

1061 (56·4)

1100 (51·3)

2281 (54·6)

1217 (55·1)

1517 (49·5)

1916 (58·6)

15,801 (46·8)

minus 1 SD

1120 (23·5)

415 (22·4)

630 (17·9)

483 (19·8)

430 (21·7)

534 (21·9)

406 (21·6)

332 (15·5)

697 (16·7)

334 (15·1)

482 (15·7)

619 (18·9)

6482 (19·2)

minus 2 SD

759 (16·0)

255 (13·8)

488 (13·9)

388 (15·9)

274 (13·8)

331 (13·6)

196 (10·4)

176 (8·2)

384 (9·2)

171 (7·7)

272 (8·9)

304 (9·3)

3998 (11·8)

minus 3 SD

859 (18·1)

264 (14·2)

611 (17·4)

625 (25·6)

231 (11·7)

414 (17·0)

207 (11·0)

139 (6·5)

326 (7·8)

146 (6·6)

272 (8·9)

254 (7·8)

4348 (12·9)

Missing

167 (3·5)

217 (11·7)

526 (15·0)

122 (5·0)

33 (1·7)

109 (4·5)

11 (0·6)

399 (18·6)

487 (11·7)

341 (15·4)

523 (17·1)

177 (5·4)

3112 (9·2)

Number of comorbidities

 

0

1800 (37·8)

910 (49·1)

1695 (48·2)

997 (40·8)

1035 (52·2)

824 (33·8)

1042 (55·4)

819 (38·2)

657 (15·7)

968 (43·8)

1131 (36·9)

868 (26·5)

12,746 (37·8)

1

1776 (37·3)

657 (35·5)

1187 (33·8)

816 (33·4)

640 (32·3)

858 (35·2)

582 (30·9)

782 (36·4)

1665 (39·9)

849 (38·4)

1013 (33·0)

1286 (39·3)

12,111 (35·9)

2

876 (18·4)

232 (12·5)

471 (13·4)

433 (17·7)

228 (11·5)

497 (20·4)

201 (10·7)

396 (18·5)

1252 (30·0)

298 (13·5)

610 (19·9)

693 (21·2)

6187 (18·3)

> = 3

305 (6·4)

54 (2·9)

164 (4·7)

199 (8·1)

79 (4·0)

261 (10·7)

56 (3·0)

149 (6·9)

601 (14·4)

94 (4·3)

312 (10·2)

423 (12·9)

2697 (8·0)

Mortality

 

Alive

4535 (95·3)

1744 (94·1)

3227 (91·8)

2182 (89·2)

1932 (97·5)

2326 (95·3)

1838 (97·7)

2007 (93·5)

3901 (93·4)

2098 (95·0)

2854 (93·1)

3060 (93·6)

31,704 (94·0)

Dead

222 (4·7)

109 (5·9)

290 (8·2)

263 (10·8)

50 (2·5)

114 (4·7)

43 (2·3)

139 (6·5)

274 (6·6)

111 (5·0)

212 (6·9)

210 (6·4)

2037 (6·0)

Comprehensive dataset - Signs and symptoms

Observations available

2081

1685

1989

2217

1774

2215

1726

1767

3812

1729

2454

2875

26,324

History of fever

 

Missing

25 (1·2)

71 (4·2)

78 (3·9)

62 (2·8)

45 (2·5)

57 (2·6)

38 (2·2)

220 (12·5)

269 (7·1)

99 (5·7)

84 (3·4)

25 (0·9)

1073(4·1)

No

508 (24·4)

440 (26·1)

405 (20·4)

474 (21·4)

533 (30·0)

567 (25·6)

552 (32·0)

148 (8·4)

374 (9·8)

173 (10·0)

267 (10·9)

597 (20·8)

5038(19·1)

Yes

1548 (74·4)

1174 (69·7)

1506 (75·7)

1681 (75·8)

1196 (67·4)

1591 (71·8)

1136 (65·8)

1399 (79·2)

3169 (83·1)

1457 (84·3)

2103 (85·7)

2253 (78·4)

20,213(76·8)

History of diarrhoea

 

Missing

40 (1·9)

100 (5·9)

93 (4·7)

87 (3·9)

138 (7·8)

95 (4·3)

47 (2·7)

401 (22·7)

429 (11·3)

212 (12·3)

121 (4·9)

19 (0·7)

1782(6·8)

No

1083 (52·0)

1021 (60·6)

1051 (52·8)

1177 (53·1)

1174 (66·2)

1374 (62·0)

1243 (72·0)

718 (40·6)

2051 (53·8)

997 (57·7)

1430 (58·3)

1530 (53·2)

14,849(56·4)

Yes

958 (46·0)

564 (33·5)

845 (42·5)

953 (43·0)

462 (26·0)

746 (33·7)

436 (25·3)

648 (36·7)

1332 (34·9)

520 (30·1)

903 (36·8)

1326 (46·1)

9693(36·8)

History of convulsions

 

Missing

60 (2·9)

118 (7·0)

104 (5·2)

120 (5·4)

133 (7·5)

156 (7·0)

52 (3·0)

429 (24·3)

452 (11·9)

215 (12·4)

170 (6·9)

49 (1·7)

2058(7·8)

No

1728 (83·0)

1199 (71·2)

1569 (78·9)

1770 (79·8)

1268 (71·5)

1637 (73·9)

1317 (76·3)

955 (54·0)

2332 (61·2)

841 (48·6)

1653 (67·4)

2332 (81·1)

18,601(70·7)

Yes

293 (14·1)

368 (21·8)

316 (15·9)

327 (14·7)

373 (21·0)

422 (19·1)

357 (20·7)

383 (21·7)

1028 (27·0)

673 (38·9)

631 (25·7)

494 (17·2)

5665(21·5)

History of vomiting every thing

 

Missing

47 (2·3)

53 (3·4)

17 (0·9)

45 (2·1)

15 (0·9)

77 (3·6)

23 (1·4)

354 (24·9)

335 (9·6)

244 (15·6)

69 (3·0)

34 (1·2)

1313(5·3)

No

1602 (78·4)

1165 (73·8)

1426 (75·3)

1513 (71·6)

1266 (77·0)

1691 (79·7)

1389 (82·3)

765 (53·7)

2074 (59·4)

904 (57·9)

1538 (65·9)

2221 (77·7)

17,554(70·9)

Yes

395 (19·3)

361 (22·9)

452 (23·9)

555 (26·3)

363 (22·1)

353 (16·6)

275 (16·3)

305 (21·4)

1083 (31·0)

414 (26·5)

727 (31·1)

602 (21·1)

5885(23·8)

Indrawing

 

Missing

46 (2·2)

64 (3·8)

80 (4·0)

107 (4·8)

62 (3·5)

89 (4·0)

25 (1·4)

724 (41·0)

885 (23·2)

541 (31·3)

149 (6·1)

115 (4·0)

2887(11·0)

No

1306 (62·8)

993 (58·9)

1124 (56·5)

1129 (50·9)

937 (52·8)

1211 (54·7)

1334 (77·3)

873 (49·4)

2527 (66·3)

936 (54·1)

1904 (77·6)

2065 (71·8)

16,339(62·1)

Yes

729 (35·0)

628 (37·3)

784 (39·4)

981 (44·2)

775 (43·7)

915 (41·3)

367 (21·3)

170 (9·6)

400 (10·5)

252 (14·6)

401 (16·3)

695 (24·2)

7097(27·0)

Pallor

 

Missing

50 (2·4)

127 (7·5)

113 (5·7)

117 (5·3)

152 (8·6)

91 (4·1)

67 (3·9)

211 (11·9)

207 (5·4)

110 (6·4)

131 (5·3)

73 (2·5)

1449(5·5)

None

1834 (88·1)

1436 (85·2)

1716 (86·3)

1617 (72·9)

1572 (88·6)

1929 (87·1)

1615 (93·6)

1030 (58·3)

2523 (66·2)

1263 (73·0)

1561 (63·6)

2510 (87·3)

20,606(78·3)

Some/severe

197 (9·5)

122 (7·2)

160 (8·0)

483 (21·8)

50 (2·8)

195 (8·8)

44 (2·5)

526 (29·8)

1082 (28·4)

356 (20·6)

762 (31·1)

292 (10·2)

4269(16·2)

Central cyanosis

 

Missing

62 (3·0)

71 (4·2)

82 (4·1)

74 (3·3)

66 (3·7)

90 (4·1)

24 (1·4)

357 (20·2)

255 (6·7)

199 (11·5)

117 (4·8)

38 (1·3)

1435(5·5)

No

2015 (96·8)

1606 (95·3)

1890 (95·1)

2118 (95·5)

1684 (94·9)

2111 (95·3)

1695 (98·2)

1406 (79·6)

3537 (92·8)

1523 (88·1)

2324 (94·7)

2803 (97·5)

24,712(93·9)

Yes

4 (0·2)

8 (0·5)

16 (0·8)

25 (1·1)

24 (1·4)

14 (0·6)

7 (0·4)

4 (0·2)

20 (0·5)

7 (0·4)

13 (0·5)

34 (1·2)

176(0·7)

AVPU

 

Missing

82 (3·9)

128 (7·6)

97 (4·9)

135 (6·1)

76 (4·3)

96 (4·3)

41 (2·4)

317 (18·0)

241 (6·3)

393 (22·8)

160 (6·5)

67 (2·3)

1833(7·0)

Alert

1901 (91·4)

1449 (86·1)

1693 (85·2)

1932 (87·1)

1643 (92·8)

2021 (91·6)

1640 (95·0)

1359 (77·0)

3358 (88·1)

1171 (67·9)

2074 (84·5)

2640 (91·8)

22,881(87·0)

Not alert

96 (4·6)

106 (6·3)

196 (9·9)

150 (6·8)

51 (2·9)

90 (4·1)

45 (2·6)

90 (5·1)

212 (5·6)

161 (9·3)

219 (8·9)

168 (5·8)

1584(6·0)

Ability to drink

 

Missing

162 (7·8)

175 (10·4)

102 (5·1)

190 (8·6)

112 (6·3)

219 (9·9)

92 (5·3)

867 (49·1)

1043 (27·4)

639 (37·0)

258 (10·5)

241 (8·4)

4100(15·6)

No

241 (11·6)

225 (13·4)

468 (23·5)

542 (24·4)

405 (22·8)

217 (9·8)

160 (9·3)

171 (9·7)

206 (5·4)

260 (15·0)

422 (17·2)

307 (10·7)

3624(13·8)

Yes

1678 (80·6)

1285 (76·3)

1419 (71·3)

1485 (67·0)

1257 (70·9)

1779 (80·3)

1474 (85·4)

729 (41·3)

2563 (67·2)

830 (48·0)

1774 (72·3)

2327 (80·9)

18,600(70·7)

Stiff neck

 

Missing

134 (6·4)

157 (9·3)

114 (5·7)

96 (4·3)

105 (5·9)

109 (4·9)

62 (3·6)

317 (17·9)

367 (9·6)

464 (26·8)

214 (8·7)

47 (1·6)

2186(8·3)

No/soft

1911 (91·8)

1471 (87·3)

1811 (91·1)

1992 (89·9)

1640 (92·4)

2050 (92·6)

1636 (94·8)

1431 (81·0)

3399 (89·2)

1236 (71·5)

2203 (89·8)

2770 (96·3)

23,550(89·5)

Yes

36 (1·7)

57 (3·4)

64 (3·2)

129 (5·8)

29 (1·6)

56 (2·5)

28 (1·6)

19 (1·1)

46 (1·2)

29 (1·7)

37 (1·5)

58 (2·0)

588(2·2)

Skin pinch

 

Missing

165 (7·9)

263 (15·6)

110 (5·5)

250 (11·3)

191 (10·8)

232 (10·5)

94 (5·4)

867 (49·1)

1125 (29·5)

654 (37·8)

345 (14·1)

233 (8·1)

4529(17·2)

Immediate

1568 (75·3)

1087 (64·5)

1657 (83·3)

1281 (57·8)

1260 (71·0)

1620 (73·1)

1461 (84·6)

609 (34·5)

1953 (51·2)

777 (44·9)

1566 (63·8)

2080 (72·3)

16,919(64·3)

1–2 s

232 (11·1)

237 (14·1)

186 (9·4)

442 (19·9)

279 (15·7)

286 (12·9)

132 (7·6)

203 (11·5)

595 (15·6)

229 (13·2)

445 (18·1)

398 (13·8)

3664(13·9)

more than or equal to 2 s

116 (5·6)

98 (5·8)

36 (1·8)

244 (11·0)

44 (2·5)

77 (3·5)

39 (2·3)

88 (5·0)

139 (3·6)

69 (4·0)

98 (4·0)

164 (5·7)

1212(4·6)

Capillary refill time

 

Missing

271 (13·0)

268 (15·9)

140 (7·0)

377 (17·0)

496 (28·0)

234 (10·6)

517 (30·0)

1149 (65·0)

1738 (45·6)

710 (41·1)

601 (24·5)

283 (9·9)

6784(25·8)

<=2 scs

1697 (81·6)

1196 (71·0)

1765 (88·7)

1648 (74·4)

567 (32·0)

1670 (75·4)

1196 (69·3)

494 (28·0)

1917 (50·3)

896 (51·9)

1684 (68·6)

2276 (80·0)

17,006(64·7)

> = 2 s

108 (5·2)

128 (7·6)

83 (4·2)

185 (8·3)

19 (1·1)

150 (6·8)

11 (0·6)

112 (6·3)

111 (2·9)

96 (5·6)

161 (6·6)

279 (9·8)

1443(5·5)

Indeterminate

4 (0·2)

93 (5·5)

1 (0·1)

6 (0·3)

692 (39·0)

161 (7·3)

2 (0·1)

12 (0·7)

46 (1·2)

26 (1·5)

8 (0·3)

7 (0·2)

1058(4·0)

Sunken eyes

 

Missing

474 (22·8)

490 (29·1)

148 (7·4)

329 (14·8)

126 (7·1)

236 (10·7)

49 (2·8)

771 (43·6)

1012 (26·5)

615 (35·6)

221 (9·0)

159 (5·5)

4630(17·6)

No

1303 (62·6)

947 (56·2)

1662 (83·6)

1408 (63·5)

1374 (77·5)

1687 (76·2)

1493 (86·5)

724 (41·0)

2289 (60·0)

989 (57·2)

1885 (76·8)

2155 (75·0)

17,916(68·1)

Yes

304 (14·6)

248 (14·7)

179 (9·0)

480 (21·7)

274 (15·4)

292 (13·2)

184 (10·7)

272 (15·4)

511 (13·4)

125 (7·2)

348 (14·2)

561 (19·5)

3778(14·4)

Jaundice

 

Missing

27 (1·3)

72 (4·3)

95 (4·8)

73 (3·3)

122 (6·9)

64 (2·9)

33 (1·9)

215 (12·2)

131 (3·4)

96 (5·6)

100 (4·1)

34 (1·2)

1062(4·0)

none

2044 (98·2)

1593 (94·5)

1881 (94·6)

2102 (94·8)

1645 (92·7)

2136 (96·4)

1679 (97·3)

1486 (84·1)

3557 (93·3)

1593 (92·1)

2171 (88·5)

2802 (97·5)

24,689(93·8)

Moderate/severe

10 (0·5)

20 (1·2)

12 (0·6)

42 (1·9)

7 (0·4)

15 (0·7)

14 (0·8)

66 (3·7)

124 (3·3)

40 (2·3)

183 (7·5)

39 (1·4)

572(2·2)

Severe wasting

 

Missing

155 (7·4)

149 (8·8)

106 (5·3)

201 (9·1)

123 (6·9)

271 (12·2)

43 (2·5)

856 (48·4)

1180 (31·0)

639 (37·0)

195 (7·9)

221 (7·7)

4139(15·7)

No

1804 (86·7)

1455 (86·4)

1782 (89·6)

1686 (76·0)

1609 (90·7)

1781 (80·4)

1622 (94·0)

856 (48·4)

2542 (66·7)

1042 (60·3)

2141 (87·2)

2555 (88·9)

20,875(79·3)

Yes

122 (5·9)

81 (4·8)

100 (5·0)

330 (14·9)

42 (2·4)

163 (7·4)

61 (3·5)

55 (3·1)

90 (2·4)

48 (2·8)

118 (4·8)

99 (3·4)

1309(5·0)

Oedema of malnutrition

 

Missing

128 (6·2)

108 (6·4)

98 (4·9)

178 (8·0)

139 (7·8)

201 (9·1)

44 (2·5)

533 (30·2)

408 (10·7)

296 (17·1)

207 (8·4)

45 (1·6)

2385(9·1)

none

1924 (92·5)

1538 (91·3)

1863 (93·7)

1895 (85·5)

1624 (91·5)

1980 (89·4)

1672 (96·9)

1207 (68·3)

3350 (87·9)

1416 (81·9)

2097 (85·5)

2765 (96·2)

23,331(88·6)

Moderate/severe

29 (1·4)

38 (2·3)

27 (1·4)

144 (6·5)

11 (0·6)

34 (1·5)

10 (0·6)

27 (1·5)

54 (1·4)

17 (1·0)

150 (6·1)

65 (2·3)

606(2·3)

Auxilliary variables for multiple imputation

PAR

 

PAR used

815 (60·4)

855 (80·0)

745 (68·0)

939 (68·3)

1088 (98·0)

1419 (98·1)

1130 (99·4)

669 (68·1)

2053 (89·7)

911 (91·5)

1136 (82·3)

1373 (85·7)

13,133(83·0)

PAR present not used

535 (39·6)

206 (19·3)

351 (32·0)

336 (24·4)

7 (0·6)

5 (0·3)

3 (0·3)

1 (0·1)

151 (6·6)

70 (7·0)

169 (12·2)

162 (10·1)

1996(12·6)

No PAR

0 (0·0)

8 (0·7)

0 (0·0)

100 (7·3)

15 (1·4)

22 (1·5)

4 (0·4)

312 (31·8)

84 (3·7)

15 (1·5)

75 (5·4)

68 (4·2)

703(4·4)

History of cough

 

Missing

28 (1·3)

73 (4·3)

87 (4·4)

74 (3·3)

52 (2·9)

73 (3·3)

42 (2·4)

452 (25·6)

553 (14·5)

217 (12·6)

121 (4·9)

23 (0·8)

1795(6·8)

No

736 (35·4)

630 (37·4)

737 (37·1)

617 (27·8)

583 (32·9)

717 (32·4)

681 (39·5)

516 (29·2)

1651 (43·3)

648 (37·5)

1045 (42·6)

1344 (46·7)

9905(37·6)

Yes

1317 (63·3)

982 (58·3)

1165 (58·6)

1526 (68·8)

1139 (64·2)

1425 (64·3)

1003 (58·1)

799 (45·2)

1608 (42·2)

864 (50·0)

1288 (52·5)

1508 (52·5)

14,624(55·6)

History of difficulty breathing

 

Missing

39 (1·9)

102 (6·1)

105 (5·3)

95 (4·3)

80 (4·5)

137 (6·2)

60 (3·5)

637 (36·0)

810 (21·2)

341 (19·7)

152 (6·2)

36 (1·3)

2594(9·9)

No

1191 (57·2)

867 (51·5)

1199 (60·3)

918 (41·4)

1065 (60·0)

1301 (58·7)

1164 (67·4)

855 (48·4)

2272 (59·6)

962 (55·6)

1737 (70·8)

2147 (74·7)

15,678(59·6)

Yes

851 (40·9)

716 (42·5)

685 (34·4)

1204 (54·3)

629 (35·5)

777 (35·1)

502 (29·1)

275 (15·6)

730 (19·2)

426 (24·6)

565 (23·0)

692 (24·1)

8052(30·6)

  1. Variables included in the study stratified by routine health information system (RHIS) variables, comprehensive dataset (includes clinical risk factors) and auxiliary variables (included only in the imputation model). Data available and missing at hospital and overall are presented as numbers and proportions