Small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplements containing different amounts of zinc along with diarrhea and malaria treatment increase iron and vitamin A status and reduce anemia prevalence, but do not affect zinc status in young Burkinabe children: a cluster-randomized trial

Table 5 Effect of SQ-LNS containing different amounts and sources of zinc provided along with malaria and diarrhea treatment on retinol binding protein concentrations and prevalence of low retinol binding protein concentrations in children at 9 and 18 months, by study group

	LNS-Zn0	LNS-Zn5	LNS-Zn10	LNS-TabZn5	P-value among 4 intervention groups^{a, b}	IC	NIC	P-value between cohorts^{a, b}	ICC^c	DE^d
Retinol binding protein (μmol/L)^e
N (9 and 18 mo)	84	75	79	73		311	93
Unadjusted RBP at 9 months	0.98 (0.91, 1.05)	0.86 (0.79, 0.94)	0.94 (0.88, 1.01)	0.87 (0.81, 0.94)	0.197	0.92 (0.88, 0.95)	0.88 (0.82, 0.94)	0.618	0.05	1.7
Adjusted RBP at 9 months	1.04 (0.97, 1.12)	0.93 (0.85, 1.01)	1.01 (0.95, 1.08)	0.95 (0.88, 1.02)	0.171	0.98 (0.95, 1.02)	0.94 (0.88, 1.00)	0.555	0.05	1.7
Unadjusted RBP at 18 months	0.86 (0.81, 0.92)	0.86 (0.80, 0.92)	0.92 (0.86, 0.98)	0.95 (0.90, 1.00)	0.044	0.89 (0.87, 0.92)	0.79 (0.74, 0.84)	0.004	0.03	1.4
Adjusted RBP at 18 months	0.91 (0.86, 0.96)	0.92 (0.86, 0.98)	0.97 (0.91, 1.03)	0.99 (0.94, 1.05)	0.056	0.94 (0.92, 0.97)	0.86 (0.81, 0.91)	0.015	0.01	1.1
% Low retinol binding protein (RBP <0.94 μmol/L)^e
N (9 and 18 months)	84	75	79	73		311	93
Low unadjusted RBP at 9 months, N (%)	41 (48.8)	44 (58.7)	42 (53.2)	48 (65.7)	0.456	175 (56.3)	53 (57.0)	0.892	–	–
Low adjusted RBP at 9 months, N (%)	32 (38.1)	40 (53.3)	32 (40.5)	38 (52.0)	0.240	142 (45.7)	48 (51.6)	0.509	–	–
Low unadjusted RBP at 18 months, N (%)	54 (64.3)	51 (68.0)	45 (57.0)	34 (46.6)	0.028	184 (59.2)	66 (71.0)	0.052	–	–
Low adjusted RBP at 18 months, N (%)	46 (54.8)	41 (54.7)	36 (45.6)	31 (42.5)	0.280	154 (49.5)	53 (57.0)	0.332	–	–

RBP, retinol binding protein
^aGeometric mean (95% confidence interval), n (%). Values in the same row with different superscript letters are significantly different (P < 0.05)
^bAdjusting for the random effect of the village and baseline value
^cInter-cluster coefficient calculated based on the cluster (village) variance and the residual variance from proc MIXED
^dDesign effect calculated based on the standard error of the intervention with or without the random effect of the cluster
^eRBP adjusted for CRP and AGP concentrations; and at 18 months for baseline value, breastfeeding at baseline and women education

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