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Table 2 Distribution of caries severity according to behavioral and environmental factors

From: Feeding and smoking habits as cumulative risk factors for early childhood caries in toddlers, after adjustment for several behavioral determinants: a retrospective study

 

Caries severity (ICDAS score)*

Ordered logistic regression (n = 2395)

 

No caries

Low (1–3)

Moderate (4)

High (5, 6)

Total

Log likelihood

p

OR (SE)

95% CI

Feeding practice (first 6 months)

-1956.14

<0.01

6.75 (0.40)

6.00–7.58

Exclusive breastfeeding

240 (40.82)

348 (59.18)

0 (0)

0 (0)

588 (24.55)

    

Moderate–high mixed feeding

172 (23.40)

563 (76.60)

0 (0)

0 (0)

735 (30.69)

    

Low mixed feeding

42 (7.86)

180 (33.71)

311 (58.24)

1 (0.19)

534 (22.30)

    

Exclusively artificial formula

5 (0.93)

73 (13.57)

348 (64.68)

112 (20.82)

538 (22.46)

    

Sweet dietary habit

-2767.84

0.04

1.18 (0.10)

0.99–1.40

≤1/day

366 (21.11)

814 (46.94)

486 (28.03)

68 (3.92)

1734 (72.40)

    

≥2/day

93 (14.97)

360 (54.66)

173 (26.17)

35 (5.30)

661 (27.60)

    

Smoking habit

-1873.25

<0.01

7.14 (0.37)

6.07–8.28

No smoking

397 (20.74)

948 (49.53)

490 (25.60)

79 (4.13)

1914 (79.92)

    

During pregnancy

25 (15.53)

53 (32.92)

62 (38.51)

21 (13.04)

161 (6.72)

    

Environmental exposure

37 (11.56)

163 (50.94)

107 (33.44)

13 (4.06)

320 (13.36)

    

Mean housing cost (SES)

-2414.70

<0.01

0.21 (0.21)

0.18–0.24

Low

23 (3.27)

241 (34.23)

359 (50.99)

81 (50.99)

704 (29.39)

    

Moderate

130 (12.06)

717 (66.51)

209 (19.39)

22 (2.04)

1078 (45.02)

    

High

306 (49.92)

216 (35.24)

91 (14.84)

0 (0)

613 (25.59)

    
  1. *N (%); percentages are calculated within each column.
  2. ICDAS, International Caries Detection and Assessment System; OR, odds ratio; SE, standard error; CI, confidence interval.