Risk factor | N studies | Summary effect OR (95% CI) | P value | Heterogeneity (I2) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Child level | ||||
Male gender | 11 | 1.68 (1.48,1.87) | <0.001 | 88.1% |
Male gender (aOR) | 3 | 2.01 (1.38, 2.94) | <0.001 | 91.6% |
>3 years of age | 7 | 1.83 (1.39,2.41) | <0.001 | 92.7% |
Low birth weight | 2 | 1.95 (1.53,2.49) | <0.001 | 0.0% |
Poor/fair child health status | 5 | 3.68 (2.66,5.08) | <0.001 | 68% |
Special health care needs | 2 | 4.86 (2.81,8.38) | <0.001 | 98% |
Family level | ||||
Poor maternal mental health (aOR) | 3 | 1.61(1.31,1.99) | <0.001 | 0.0% |
Low socioeconomic status | 8 | 2.12(1.65,2.72) | <0.001 | 93.9% |
Low socioeconomic status (aOR) | 2 | 1.66 (1.08,2.53) | 0.019 | 0.0% |
Less than high school education | 6 | 1.79 (1.14,2.79) | 0.011 | 95.5% |
Less than high school education (aOR) | 3 | 1.94 (0.60,6.23) | 0.26 | 98.8% |
Being read to less than daily | 4 | 1.47(1.28,1.67) | <0.001 | 30.6% |
Family size (6 or more people in household) | 4 | 1.18(0.83,1.68) | 0.35 | 91.9% |
Single parent | 7 | 1.46 (1.16,1.84) | 0.001 | 96.8% |
Single parent (aOR) | 2 | 0.94(0.75, 1.17) | 0.57 | 0.0% |
Ethnicity (vs White) | ||||
African American | 7 | 1.95 (1.43,2.66) | <0.001 | 90.5% |
African American (aOR) | 2 | 1.40 (1.10,1.78) | 0.006 | 0.0% |
Indigenous | 6 | 1.98 (1.37,2.86) | <0.001 | 63.6% |
Hispanic | 4 | 2.24(1.83,2.72) | <0.001 | 88.9% |
Hispanic (aOR) | 2 | 1.54(1.16,2.04) | 0.03 | 0.0% |
Language spoken | ||||
English as a second language (all) | 5 | 1.61(1.12,2.33) | 0.01 | 94.2% |
English as a second language (Spanish) | 5 | 1.48(0.87,2.53) | 0.15 | 96.5% |
Service Level | ||||
No Usual Health Care/Medical Home(USA) | 5 | 2.27(1.35,3.81) | 0.002 | 84.3% |
No or Public Health Insurance | 4 | 1.85(1.45,2.37) | <0.001 | 95.2% |
No Health Insurance (aOR) | 2 | 2.01(1.01,4.02) | 0.048 | 57.2% |
Does not attend formal childcare | 4 | 0.88(0.77,0.99) | 0.040 | 0% |